A Novel Energy Storage System Based on Carbon Dioxide Unique Thermodynamic Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Astolfi ◽  
Dario Rizzi ◽  
Ennio Macchi ◽  
Claudio Spadacini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Reference Case

Abstract This paper focuses on the thermodynamic performance and techno-economic assessment of a novel electrical energy storage technology using carbon dioxide as working fluid. This technology, named CO2 battery and recently patented by Energy Dome SpA., addresses to an energy market which has great need of energy storage solutions able to handle the increasing share of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources like photovoltaic and wind energy. After a brief introduction, the present study presents the concept of CO2 batteries and their operation. Then the detailed numerical model developed for the accurate calculation of system round trip efficiency is presented with the adopted assumptions and the optimization routine description. Results on the reference case and following sensitivity analysis confirm a RTE of around 77% (±2%) which makes CO2 batteries a very promising technology with respect to other energy storage systems based on thermodynamic cycles like compressed air and liquid air energy storage thanks to the high performance and the easiness of installation. Finally, calculation of system footprint, capital investment cost and levelized cost of storage are discussed.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Assessment and Operational Planning of Wind-Battery Distributed Renewable Generation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6776
Author(s):  
Umar Salman ◽  
Khalid Khan ◽  
Fahad Alismail ◽  
Muhammad Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Varying Demand ◽  
Operation Cost

Electrical energy and power demand will experience exponential increase with the rise of the global population. Power demand is predictable and can be estimated based on population and available historical data. However, renewable energy sources (RES) are intermittent, unpredictable, and environment-dependent. Interestingly, microgrids are becoming smarter but require adequate and an appropriate energy storage system (ESS) to support their smooth and optimal operation. The deep discharge caused by the charging–discharging operation of the ESS affects its state of health, depth of discharge (DOD), and life cycle, and inadvertently reduces its lifetime. Additionally, these parameters of the ESS are directly affected by the varying demand and intermittency of RES. This study presents an assessment of battery energy storage in wind-penetrated microgrids considering the DOD of the ESS. The study investigates two scenarios: a standalone microgrid, and a grid-connected microgrid. The problem is formulated based on the operation cost of the microgrid considering the DOD and the lifetime of the battery. The optimization problem is solved using non-linear programming. The scheduled operation cost of the microgrid, the daily scheduling cost of ESS, the power dispatch by distributed generators, and the DOD of the battery storage at any point in time are reported. Performance analysis showed that a power loss probability of less than 10% is achievable in all scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the study.

Thermodynamic analysis of a novel energy storage system with carbon dioxide as working fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 682-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Ke Yang ◽  
Hui Hong ◽  
Xiaohui Zhong ◽  
Jianzhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Working Fluid

Experimental study of carbon dioxide as working fluid in a closed-loop compressed gas energy storage system

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 603-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hai Alami ◽  
Abdullah Abu Hawili ◽  
Rita Hassan ◽  
Mohammed Al-Hemyari ◽  
Kamilia Aokal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Compressed Gas

Control of a Supercritical CO2 Electro-Thermal Energy Storage System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Wright ◽  
A. Z’Graggen ◽  
J. Hemrle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Heat Rejection ◽  
Plant Uses

Transcritical CO2 power systems are being investigated for site independent electro-thermal energy storage (ETES). The storage plant uses electrical energy with a standard vapor-compression heat pump/refrigeration cycle to store thermal energy as hot water and ice over a period of approximately 8 hours during low power demand. The power cycle is then reversed and operated as a simple Rankine cycle to produce ∼100 MWe for about 4.5 hours during peak demand. During the power generation cycle the storage plant uses the heat stored in the hot water tanks, together with ice melting, plus ambient heat rejection for the heat sink. For 100 MWe class power plants, the round trip efficiency is estimated to be up to 60%. CO2 was selected as the working fluid because it improves the ability of the plant to operate with high reversibility. In addition, it is compact and can operate below the freezing point of water. This report describes the major control characteristics of the plant, together with methods, tools, and results of the model. Because the plant is nearly “closed”, it must operate only by consuming electrical energy during the charging cycle and by producing electrical energy plus some waste heat during the discharge cycle. All other heat transfer processes occurs solely within the storage plant itself and consists of either heating or cooling water and by making or melting ice. For the plant to operate continuously, both the water thermal storage and ice storage must be returned to their initial conditions after every 24 hour period. Otherwise, small changes in the thermal environment during waste heat rejection or performance variations of internal components will cause the storage system to drift from its designed operating temperature, pressure and energy storage capability, challenging its ability to operate. The control concept for the storage plant addresses both the operation of the plant during charging and discharging. It also addresses strategies for control during off-design situations or due to disturbances such as load following or changes in ambient heat rejection conditions. The process simulations described in the paper include models for the main physical components of the plant including the turbomachinery, the heat exchanger network, states of charge of the cold and hot storage, and CO2 inventory.

scholarly journals Routing in WSNs Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System through a CEAR Protocol Based on Cost Welfare and Route Score Metric

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-252
Author(s):  
R. Senthilkumar ◽  
G.M. TamilSelvan ◽  
S. Kanithan ◽  
N. Arun Vignesh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Electrical Energy Storage

Implementing a low cost, power efficient and high performance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an important requirement for transmitting a packet through network. In this paper we propose, a new cost and energy aware routing protocol (CEAR) that works based on the two metrics such as cost welfare metric and route score metric.A hybrid electrical energy storage (HEES) framework which holds numerous banks of heterogeneous electrical energy storage (EES) components to be specific battery and a ultra-capacitor is used for providing energy to the network exhibit in the WSN for routing. The simulation results shows that our proposed routing protocol routes the packet efficiently by choosing the best path that also reduces the cost and routes the packet with reduced power consumption. The quantitative metrics in terms of packet delivery ratio of 0.93, average end to end delay of 110 secs, packet loss ratio of 0.75, average throughput attained of 250 bits/sec and efficiency of 98-99.9% overpowers the performance of our proposed work.

Modeling an Energy Storage System Based on a Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Stand-alone Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2641-2645
Author(s):  
Alexandru Ciocan ◽  
Ovidiu Mihai Balan ◽  
Mihaela Ramona Buga ◽  
Tudor Prisecaru ◽  
Mohand Tazerout
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy System

The current paper presents an energy storage system that stores the excessive energy, provided by a hybrid system of renewable energy sources, in the form of compressed air and thermal heat. Using energy storage systems together with renewable energy sources represents a major challenge that could ensure the transition to a viable economic future and a decarbonized economy. Thermodynamic calculations are conducted to investigate the performance of such systems by using Matlab simulation tools. The results indicate the values of primary and global efficiencies for various operating scenarios for the energy storage systems which use compressed air as medium storage, and shows that these could be very effective systems, proving the possibility to supply to the final user three types of energy: electricity, heat and cold function of his needs.

scholarly journals Gravitricity based on solar and gravity energy storage for residential applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwole K. Bowoto ◽  
Omonigho P. Emenuvwe ◽  
Meysam N. Azadani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Height Range ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Priority List

AbstractThis study proposes a design model for conserving and utilizing energy affordably and intermittently considering the wind rush experienced in the patronage of renewable energy sources for cheaper generation of electricity and the solar energy potential especially in continents of Africa and Asia. Essentially, the global quest for sustainable development across every sector is on the rise; hence, the need for a sustainable method of extracting energy cheaply with less wastage and pollution is on the priority list. This research, integrates and formulates different ideologies, factors and variables that have been adopted in previous research studies to create an efficient system. Some of the aforementioned researches includes pumped hydro gravity storage system, Compressed air gravity storage system, suspended weight in abandoned mine shaft, dynamic modelling of gravity energy storage coupled with a PV energy plant and deep ocean gravity energy storage. As an alternative and a modification to these systems, this research is proposing a Combined solar and gravity energy storage system. The design synthesis and computational modelling of the proposed system model were investigated using a constant height and but varying mass. Efficiencies reaching up to 62% was achieved using the chosen design experimental parameters adopted in this work. However, this efficiency can be tremendously improved upon if the design parameters are modified putting certain key factors which are highlighted in the limitation aspect of this research into consideration. Also, it was observed that for a test load of 50 × 103 mA running for 10 h (3600 s), the proposed system will only need to provide a torque of 3.27Nm and a height range of 66.1 × 104 m when a mass of 10 kg is lifted to give out power of 48 kwh. Since gravity storage requires intermittent actions and structured motions, mathematical models were used to analyse the system performance characteristics amongst other important parameters using tools like MATLAB Simscape modelling toolbox, Microsoft excel and Sysml Model software.

scholarly journals Optimal Placement and Sizing of an Energy Storage System Using a Power Sensitivity Analysis in a Practical Stand-Alone Microgrid

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1598
Author(s):  
Dongmin Kim ◽  
Kipo Yoon ◽  
Soo Hyoung Lee ◽  
Jung-Wook Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Analytical Approaches

The energy storage system (ESS) is developing into a very important element for the stable operation of power systems. An ESS is characterized by rapid control, free charging, and discharging. Because of these characteristics, it can efficiently respond to sudden events that affect the power system and can help to resolve congested lines caused by the excessive output of distributed generators (DGs) using renewable energy sources (RESs). In order to efficiently and economically install new ESSs in the power system, the following two factors must be considered: the optimal installation placements and the optimal sizes of ESSs. Many studies have explored the optimal installation placement and the sizing of ESSs by using analytical approaches, mathematical optimization techniques, and artificial intelligence. This paper presents an algorithm to determine the optimal installation placement and sizing of ESSs for a virtual multi-slack (VMS) operation based on a power sensitivity analysis in a stand-alone microgrid. Through the proposed algorithm, the optimal installation placement can be determined by a simple calculation based on a power sensitivity matrix, and the optimal sizing of the ESS for the determined placement can be obtained at the same time. The algorithm is verified through several case studies in a stand-alone microgrid based on practical power system data. The results of the proposed algorithm show that installing ESSs in the optimal placement could improve the voltage stability of the microgrid. The sizing of the newly installed ESS was also properly determined.

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