Study the Characteristics in the Growth Phase of Wood Crib Fires

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Xu ◽  
G. J. Griffin ◽  
XuHong Miao ◽  
ZhenYu Xu ◽  
Y. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Wood Crib ◽  
Rate Of Heat Release ◽  
The Relationship

Tests were conducted with ISO 9705 room to investigate the combustion behavior of medium size wood cribs. Cribs were burnt at the center and corner inside ISO room and also under the hood of the ISO room. Effective heat of combustion and increase rate of heat release rate in growth phase is compared for cribs with different nominal heat release rate and in different positions. The relationship between scaled steady mass loss rate and porosity factor of wood crib is quite different from those in literatures. The average effect heat of combustion is 12.18 MJ kg−1, which is close to commonly accepted value 12 MJ kg−1 for wood sample burning with diffusion flame.

Fire performance of continuous glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites: The effect of fibre architecture on the fire properties of polycarbonate composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousof M Ghazzawi ◽  
Andres F Osorio ◽  
Michael T Heitzmann
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforcement ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Fire Properties

The fire performance of polycarbonate resin and the role of glass fibre reinforcement in altering the fire performance was investigated. Three different fibre weaves with comparable surface density, plain, twill, and unidirectional glass fabrics, were used as reinforcements. E-glass fabrics were solution-impregnated with polycarbonate/dichloromethyl, laid up, and compression-moulded to consolidate the glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composite. Cone calorimetry tests with an incident radiant flux of 35 kW/m2 were used to investigate the fire properties of polycarbonate resin and its composites. Results showed that glass fibre reinforcement improves polycarbonate performance by delaying its ignition, decreasing its heat release rate, and lowering the mass loss rate. The three fibre weave types exhibited similar time to ignition. However, unidirectional fibre had a 35% lower peak heat release rate followed when compared to plain and twill weave fibres.

Retardant Properties of Nanosilica/PTFE Nanoparticals-Reinforced Polypropylene

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Lu Zhang ◽  
Dong Li Li ◽  
Wen Cai Xu ◽  
Ya Bo Fu ◽  
Rui Juan Liao
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Thermoplastic Polymer ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Melting Characteristics

This work reports the flammability properties of Nanocomposites reinforced with silica and PTFE nanoparticles and toughened with an elastomeric ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Through trial and simulation study of the flame retardant thermoplastic polymer and melting characteristics of PP in the combustion process.The study found that modified PP composites have good flame retardancy compared to PP in case of fire relatively.In the study,the melting characteristics of the thermoplastic polymer affected the mass loss rate in the combustion stage.Nanocomposites experienced low plastic mass loss compared with PP, this has been related to pyrolysis mechanism of polymer.In general,The polymers undergoing depolymerization will lead to a rapid volatilization and therefore experienced much less melting.The results showed that:total heat release of nanocomposites was higher than polypropylene, while the average heat release rate, the maximum heat release rate, the average effective heat of combustion, the average mass loss rate, the average specific extinction area, and other indicators were lower than polypropylene.

scholarly journals Fire Risk of Halogen-Free Electrical Cable

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (42) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Peter Rantuch ◽  
Igor Wachter ◽  
Karol Balog
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Halogen Free

Abstract This paper deals with the fire risk of a selected halogen-free electrical cable. The research was objected to a three-core power electric cable for a fixed installation CHKE J3x1.5 (cross section of each copper core was 1.5 mm2) with a declared class of reaction to fire B2ca, s1, d1, a1. The electrical cable was manufactured and supplied by VUKI, a. s., Slovakia. The fire risk of the electric cable was evaluated based on the heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, total smoke release and effective heat of combustion. These parameters were measured using a cone calorimeter at 50 kW m−2 (specimens and cone emitter were placed horizontally during the test). The measured electrical cable showed a maximum heat release rate of nearly 150 kW m−2, a maximum average heat emission rate of almost 100 kW m−2, a total heat release of almost 130 MJ m−2, a maximum smoke release rate of almost 2.5 s−1, a total smoke release of more than 800 m2 m−2, an effective heat of combustion (cable as a whole) of nearly 9 MJ kg−1 and an effective heat of emission (polymeric parts of the cable) of 26.5 MJ kg−1.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

scholarly journals Use of the cone calorimeter to detect seasonal differences in selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Weise ◽  
Robert H. White ◽  
Frank C. Beall ◽  
Matt Etlinger
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Intermediate Scale ◽  
Time To Ignition

The flammability of living vegetation is influenced by a variety of factors, including moisture content, physical structure and chemical composition. The relative flammability of ornamental vegetation is of interest to homeowners seeking to make their homes ‘fire safe’. The relative importance of the factors influencing fire behaviour characteristics, such as flammability, is unknown. In the present study, oxygen consumption calorimetry was used to obtain selected combustion characteristics of ornamental vegetation. Peak heat release rate, mass loss rate, time to ignition and effective heat of combustion of 100 × 100-mm samples of foliage and small branches were measured using a bench-scale cone calorimeter. Green and oven-dry samples of 10 species were collected and tested seasonally for a period of 1 year. Similar measurements were made on whole shrubs in an intermediate-scale calorimeter. The range of cone calorimeter peak heat release rates for green and oven-dry samples was 1–176 and 49–331 kW m−2, respectively. Moisture content significantly reduced heat release rates and increased time to ignition. Peak heat release rates for Olea europea and Adenostoma fasciculatum were consistently highest over the year of testing; Aloe sp. consistently had the lowest heat release rate. The correlation of peak heat release rates measured by the cone calorimeter and an intermediate-scale calorimeter was statistically significant yet low (0.51). The use of the cone calorimeter as a tool to establish the relative flammability rating for landscape vegetation requires additional investigation.

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of Thermally Thin Materials in Cone Calorimeter

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Marouane El El Gazi ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Marcos Batistella ◽  
Shantanu Basak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion

In this study, a representative set of thermally thin materials including various lignocellulosic and synthetic fabrics, dense wood, and polypropylene sheets were tested using a cone calorimeter at different heat fluxes. Time-to-ignition, critical heat flux, and peak of heat release rate (pHRR) were the main parameters considered. It appears that the flammability is firstly monitored by the sample weight. Especially, while the burning rate of thermally-thin materials does never reach a steady state in cone calorimeter, their pHRR appears to be mainly driven by the fire load (i.e., the product of sample weight and effective heat of combustion) with no or negligible influence of textile structure. A simple phenomenological model was proposed to calculate the pHRR taking into account only three parameters, namely heat flux, sample weight, and effective heat of combustion. The model allows predicting easily the peak of heat release rate, which is often considered as the main single property informing about the fire hazard. It also allows drawing some conclusions about the flame retardant strategies to reduce the pHRR.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Relationship between Flow Parameters and Symptoms According to Fire Phase in a Mine Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Selçuk Keçel
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Underground Mine ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between temperature, CO dispersions, symptoms, and COHb% levels accumulated in the blood on available ventilation conditions in cases of fire at point in an underground mine model. Based on operating parameters (air velocity and direction) of the ventilation system in the underground mine model, fast growing phase fire analyses were conducted according to the heat release rate (HRR) value in the range of 0-61.34MW. In fire scenarios prepared according to the hydrocarbon fuel type (C2.3H4.2O1.3), boundary conditions were calculated depending on the combustion equation considering fuel lower heating value (Qc). CO dispersions inside the tunnel were examined by transferring the time-dependent boundary conditions to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program.  yCO, COHb%, and COHb%/∆t changes were calculated according to the HRR value.  Findings regarding the effects of CO emission (acute and chronic poisoning), were expressed according to the HRR value. Keywords Combustion Model Design, Heat Release Rate (HRR), Carbon Monoxide emission, Symptoms and Survival Time, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD);

Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

2011 ◽  
Vol 217-218 ◽  
pp. 631-635
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

scholarly journals FIRE TESTS ON WOOD PRODUCTS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT HEAT FLUXES

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romualdas Mačiulaitis ◽  
Vladas Praniauskas
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Fire Tests ◽  
Smoke Production

The paper analyses three different wood products used for research exposing them to the surface heat flow density of 30 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2 and 70 kW/m2 and applying the test method described in ISO 5660–1 Reaction‐to‐fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate – Part 1: Heat release rate (Cone calorimeter method). Research was performed applying 18 mm and 29 mm thick laminated wood chipboards and 24 mm thick medium density fibreboard. The paper provides an overview of the fire properties of wood products and discusses testing methods and the percentage composition of the tested wood products. Mean time to their ignition was determined. The mean values of the maximum heat release rate and time required to achieve them were investigated. Furthermore, the measurements of the released heat and efficient heat of combustion were taken. Further research covers the performance of statistic analysis, deriving empiric equations, correlation and determination coefficients, standard errors and Student criterion. The results of research are summarized. Conclusions are provided at the end of the paper. Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinejami trys skirtingi medienos gaminiai, su kuriais atlikti tyrimai veikiant 30 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2bei 70 kW/m2 paviršiniais šilumos srautais taikant ISO 5660–1 “Reaction‐to‐fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate – Part 1: Heat release rate (Cone calorimeter method)” bandymo metoda. Tyrimai atlikti su 18 mm ir 29 mm storio laminuotomis medžio drožliu plokštemis bei 24 mm storio vidutinio tankio plaušo plokšte. Darbe apžvel‐giamos medienos gaminiu gaisrines savybes. Aptariama bandymo metodika ir tirtu medienos gaminiu procentine sudetis. Nustatytas vidutinis laikas iki ju užsidegimo. Ištirti vidutiniai maksimalios šilumos išsiskyrimo greičio ir laiko iki ju pasiekimo dydžiai, taip pat išmatuota visa išskirta šiluma ir efektyvi degimo šiluma. Atlikta statistine analize, gautos em‐pirines lygtys, koreliacijos bei determinacijos koeficientai, standartines paklaidos bei Stjudento kriterijai. Apibendrinami tyrimo rezultatai. Darbo pabaigoje suformuluojamos išvados.

scholarly journals Performance analysis of a heat transfer and sub-grid chemical reaction distributed activation energy model for fire simulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Bhargava ◽  
Patrick Van Hees ◽  
Bjarne Husted ◽  
Antonio Rodolfo Junior ◽  
Corina Neumeister
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Heat Released

A heat transfer and sub-grid chemical reaction kinetic model for solid phase combustion of a charring polymer is presented based on distributed reactivity modeling approach. The model is used to compute flammability parameters of a polymer sheet of a given thickness to simulate test results of a cone calorimeter experiment. Comparison of model simulations with cone calorimeter test data shows that it gives reasonable prediction of mass loss rate, heat release rate, and total heat released of poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) and ethyl vinyl acetate–aluminum tri-hydroxide (EVA-ATH). The solution of governing equations with the current form of distributed reactivity modeling model poses numerical challenges due to appearance of a double integral in the chemical reaction model. Hence, an analytical approximation has been derived to solve mass and energy conservation equations representing the model. Simulation results indicate that with the approximated form of the distributed reactivity modeling model, along with the input parameters retrieved from literature, the model shows comparatively good predictions for EVA-ATH for mass loss rate, heat release rate, and total heat released, but calculates under-predicted values for PVC.

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