scholarly journals Effective Solid Angle Model and Monte Carlo Method: Improved Estimations to Measure Cosmic Muon Intensity at Sea Level in All Zenith Angles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junghyun Bae ◽  
Stylianos Chatzidakis ◽  
Robert Bean
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Large Error ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Cosmic Muon ◽  
Detector Geometry ◽  
Muon Intensity ◽  
Effective Solid Angle

Abstract Cosmic muons are highly energetic and penetrative particles and these figures are used for imaging of large and dense objects such as spent nuclear fuels in casks and special nuclear materials in cargo. Cosmic muon intensity depends on the incident angle (zenith angle, φ), and it is known that I(φ) = I0 cos2 φ at sea level. Low intensity of cosmic muon requires long measurement time to acquire statistically meaningful counts. Therefore, high-energy particle simulations e.g., GEANT4, are often used to guide measurement studies. However, the measurable cosmic muon count rate changes upon detector geometry and configuration. Here we develop an “effective solid angle” model to estimate experimental results more accurately than the simple cosine-squared model. We show that the cosine-squared model has large error at high zenith angles (φ ≥ 60°), whereas our model provides improved estimations at all zenith angles. We anticipate our model will enhance the ability to estimate actual measurable cosmic muon count rates in muon imaging applications by reducing the gap between simulation and measurement results. This will increase the value of modeling results and improve the quality of experiments and applications in muon detection and imaging.

GEANT4 SIMULATION FOR THE ZENITH ANGLE DEPENDENCE OF COSMIC MUON INTENSITIES AT TWO DIFFERENT GEOMAGNETIC LOCATIONS

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (16) ◽  
pp. 1350071 ◽  
Author(s):  
HALIL ARSLAN ◽  
MEHMET BEKTASOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Geant4 Simulation ◽  
Cutoff Rigidity ◽  
Angle Dependence ◽  
Cosmic Muon ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff Rigidity ◽  
Geomagnetic Cutoff ◽  
Muon Momentum ◽  
Muon Intensity

The zenith angle dependence of cosmic muon flux at sea level in the western, eastern, southern and northern azimuths have been investigated separately for Calcutta, India and Melbourne, Australia for muon momenta up to ~500 GeV /c using Geant4 simulation package. These two locations were selected due to the fact that they significantly differ in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity. The exponent n, which is defined by the relation I(θ) = I(0°) cos nθ, was obtained for each azimuth in Calcutta and Melbourne. By acquiring an agreement between the simulation results and the experimental ones, the simulation study was extended for different azimuth angles and higher muon momenta. It was shown that the angular dependence of the cosmic muon intensity decreases with the increase of muon momentum at both locations. Moreover, the exponent becomes independent of both geomagnetic location and the azimuth angle for muons with momentum above 10 GeV /c, and it is nearly zero above 50 GeV /c. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cosmic muons with momenta between 50 GeV /c and ~500 GeV /c reach the sea level almost isotropically.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Contrast in Scanning Images of Thin Crystals

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
S. Kimoto ◽  
H. Hashimoto ◽  
S. Takashima ◽  
R. M. Stern ◽  
T. Ichinokawa
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Intensity Variation ◽  
Lattice Defects ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Electron Detector ◽  
Backscattered Electrons ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Backscattered Electron

The most well known application of the scanning microscope to the crystals is known as Coates pattern. The contrast of this image depends on the variation of the incident angle of the beam to the crystal surface. The defect in the crystal surface causes to make contrast in normal scanning image with constant incident angle. The intensity variation of the backscattered electrons in the scanning microscopy was calculated for the defect in the crystals by Clarke and Howie. Clarke also observed the defect using a scanning microscope.This paper reports the observation of lattice defects appears in thin crystals through backscattered, secondary and transmitted electron image. As a backscattered electron detector, a p-n junction detector of 0.9 π solid angle has been prepared for JSM-50A. The gain of the detector itself is 1.2 x 104 at 50 kV and the gain of additional AC amplifier using band width 100 Hz ∼ 10 kHz is 106.

TEM study of amorphization of Cu and Ti foils by cold-rolling

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
W. A. Chiou ◽  
N. L. Jeon ◽  
Genbao Xu ◽  
M. Meshii
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rapid Quenching ◽  
Vapor Condensation ◽  
Metallic Alloys ◽  
Solid State Reactions ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Amorphous Metallic Alloys ◽  
Thin Foils

For many years amorphous metallic alloys have been prepared by rapid quenching techniques such as vapor condensation or melt quenching. Recently, solid-state reactions have shown to be an alternative for synthesizing amorphous metallic alloys. While solid-state amorphization by ball milling and high energy particle irradiation have been investigated extensively, the growth of amorphous phase by cold-rolling has been limited. This paper presents a morphological and structural study of amorphization of Cu and Ti foils by rolling.Samples of high purity Cu (99.999%) and Ti (99.99%) foils with a thickness of 0.025 mm were used as starting materials. These thin foils were cut to 5 cm (w) × 10 cm (1), and the surface was cleaned with acetone. A total of twenty alternatively stacked Cu and Ti foils were then rolled. Composite layers following each rolling pass were cleaned with acetone, cut into half and stacked together, and then rolled again.

Comparison of high-angle take-off and low-angle take-off EDX detector geometry of the HF-2000 FE-TEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Y. Sato ◽  
T. Hashimoto ◽  
M. Ichihashi ◽  
Y. Ueki ◽  
K. Hirose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Geometry

Analytical TEMs have two variations in x-ray detector geometry, high and low angle take off. The high take off angle is advantageous for accuracy of quantitative analysis, because the x rays are less absorbed when they go through the sample. The low take off angle geometry enables better sensitivity because of larger detector solid angle.Hitachi HF-2000 cold field emission TEM has two versions; high angle take off and low angle take off. The former allows an energy dispersive x-ray detector above the objective lens. The latter allows the detector beside the objective lens. The x-ray take off angle is 68° for the high take off angle with the specimen held at right angles to the beam, and 22° for the low angle take off. The solid angle is 0.037 sr for the high angle take off, and 0.12 sr for the low angle take off, using a 30 mm2 detector.

Influence of Ultrasound on the Formation of High-energy Particle Tracks in a Liquid-hydrogen Bubble Chamber

1969 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 149-151
Author(s):  
V.A. Akulichev ◽  
L.R. Gavrilov ◽  
V.G. Grebinnik ◽  
V.A. Zhukov ◽  
G. Libman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Chamber ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Hydrogen Bubble ◽  
Hydrogen Bubble Chamber ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Tracks

scholarly journals High-Quality Green-Emitting Nanodiamonds Fabricated by HPHT Sintering of Polycrystalline Shockwave Diamonds

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Osipov ◽  
Fedor M. Shakhov ◽  
Kirill V. Bogdanov ◽  
Kazuyuki Takai ◽  
Takuya Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Production Method ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Precursor Material ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract We demonstrate a high-pressure, high-temperature sintering technique to form nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen centres in nanodiamonds. Polycrystalline diamond nanoparticle precursors, with mean size of 25 nm, are produced by the shock wave from an explosion. These nanoparticles are sintered in the presence of ethanol, at a pressure of 7 GPa and temperature of 1300 °C, to produce substantially larger (3–4 times) diamond crystallites. The recorded spectral properties demonstrate the improved crystalline quality. The types of defects present are also observed to change; the characteristic spectral features of nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centres present for the precursor material disappear. Two new characteristic features appear: (1) paramagnetic substitutional nitrogen (P1 centres with spin ½) with an electron paramagnetic resonance characteristic triplet hyperfine structure due to the I = 1 magnetic moment of the nitrogen nuclear spin and (2) the green spectral photoluminescence signature of the nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen centres. This production method is a strong alternative to conventional high-energy particle beam irradiation. It can be used to easily produce purely green fluorescing nanodiamonds with advantageous properties for optical biolabelling applications.

High-sensitivity external modulator data link for high-energy particle detector diagnostics

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent G. McCammon ◽  
Mark E. Lowry ◽  
Yuan-Hann Chang ◽  
Paul J. Parker ◽  
Bolek Wyslouch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Detector ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
Data Link
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