Advances in the Railroad Locomotive Crashworthiness

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swamidas Punwani ◽  
Gopal Samavedam ◽  
Steve Kokkins
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fuel Tank ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Dynamic Impact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Full Scale Tests

The paper describes locomotive and fuel tank crashworthiness research being conducted by the Federal Railroad Administration for improved safety of the locomotive crew under collision scenarios. The research involves static and dynamic impact strength evaluations of locomotive structural components. These evaluations which are based on full scale tests and simulations using finite element analysis are described in this paper. Correlations between the test and simulation results are also presented in some cases.

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis and Full-Scale Testing of Locomotive Crashworthy Components

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Llana ◽  
Richard Stringfellow ◽  
Ronald Mayville
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Dynamic Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Force Displacement

The Office of Research and Development of the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the Volpe Center are continuing to evaluate new technologies for increasing the safety of passengers and operators in rail equipment. In recognition of the importance of override prevention in train-to-train collisions in which one of the vehicles is a locomotive, and in light of the success of crash energy management technologies in cab car-led passenger trains, the Volpe Center seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of components that could be integrated into the end structure of a locomotive that are specifically designed to mitigate the effects of a collision and, in particular, to prevent override of one of the lead vehicles onto the other. A research program has been conducted to develop, fabricate and test two crashworthy components for the forward end of a locomotive: (1) a deformable anti-climber, and (2) a push-back coupler. Detailed designs for these components were developed, and the performance of each design was evaluated through large deformation dynamic finite element analysis (FEA). Designs for two test articles that could be used to verify the performance of the component designs in full-scale tests were also developed. The two test articles were fabricated and dynamically tested by means of rail car impact in order to verify certain performance characteristics of the two components relative to specific requirements. The tests were successful in demonstrating the effectiveness of the two design concepts. Test results were consistent with finite element model predictions in terms of energy absorption capability, force-displacement behavior and modes of deformation.

Finite Element Analysis of Composite Repairs With Full-Scale Validation Testing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton Sheets ◽  
Robert Rettew ◽  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Ashwin Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Scale Validation ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Composite Repair ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Validation Testing ◽  
Full Scale Testing

Composite repair systems for pipelines are continuing to be used for increasingly difficult and complex applications which can have a high consequence of failure. In these instances, full-scale testing is typically pursued at a high-cost to the manufacturer or operator. Finite element analysis (FEA) modeling is a valuable tool that becomes especially attractive as a method to reduce the number of full-scale tests required. This is particularly true when considering the costs associated with recreating complex load and temperature conditions. In order for FEA to fill this role, it is necessary to validate the results through full-scale testing at the same loads and temperatures. By using these techniques, FEA and full-scale testing can be used in unison to efficiently produce accurate results and allow for the adjustment of critical parameters at a much lower cost than creating additional full-scale tests. For this program, a series of finite element analysis (FEA) models were developed to evaluate the performance of composite materials used to reinforce corroded steel pipe in critical applications at elevated temperatures up to 120 °C. Two composite repair manufacturers participated in the study which was conducted on 12-inch × 0.375-inch Gr. X60 pipes with machined simulated corrosion defects that represented 50% wall loss. Load conditions consisted of axial compressive loads or bending moments to generate compressive stresses in the machined defect. In the described evaluation program, FEA simulations were able to produce results which supported those found in full-scale validation testing. From the FEA models stresses and strains were extracted from the reinforced steel and composite materials. Good correlation was observed in comparing the results. Although limitations of the modeling included accurately capturing differential thermal strains introduced by the elevated test temperature, the results indicated that FEA models could be used as a cost-effective means for assessing composite repair systems in high-temperature applications.

scholarly journals Practical Prediction of the Boil-Off Rate of Independent-Type Storage Tanks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Dong-Ha Lee ◽  
Seung-Joo Cha ◽  
Jeong-Dae Kim ◽  
Jeong-Hyeon Kim ◽  
Seul-Kee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Fuel Tank ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Vertical Temperature Profile ◽  
Space Efficiency ◽  
Key Aspects

Because environmentally-friendly fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen are primarily stored in the form of cryogenic liquids to enable efficient transportation, the demand for cryogenic fuel (LNG, LH) ships has been increasing as the primary carriers of environmentally-friendly fuels. In such ships, insulation systems must be used to prevent heat inflow to the tank to suppress the generation of boil-off gas (BOG). The presence of BOG can lead to an increased internal pressure, and thus, its control and prediction are key aspects in the design of fuel tanks. In this regard, although the thermal analysis of the phase change through a finite element analysis requires less computational time than that implemented through computational fluid dynamics, the former is relatively more error-prone. Therefore, in this study, a cryogenic fuel tank to be incorporated in ships was established, and the boil-off rate (BOR), measured considering liquid nitrogen, was compared with that obtained using the finite element method. Insulation material with a cubic structure was applied to the cylindrical tank to increase the insulation performance and space efficiency. To predict the BOR through finite element analysis, the effective thermal conductivity was calculated through an empirical correlation and applied to the designed fuel tank. The calculation was predicted to within 1% of the minimum error, and the internal fluid behavior was evaluated by analyzing the vertical temperature profile according to the filling ratio.

The equivalent method of double V-wing honeycombs on the in-plane dynamic impact

2021 ◽  
pp. 073168442199086
Author(s):  
Yunfei Qu ◽  
Dian Wang ◽  
Hongye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Dynamic Impact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Equivalent Method

The double V-wing honeycomb can be applied in many fields because of its lower mass and higher performance. In this study, the volume, in-plane elastic modulus and unit cell area of the double V-wing honeycomb were analytically derived, which became parts of the theoretical basis of the novel equivalent method. Based on mass, plateau load, in-plane elastic modulus, compression strain and energy absorption of the double V-wing honeycomb, a novel equivalent method mapping relationship between the thickness–width ratio and the basic parameters was established. The various size factor of the equivalent honeycomb model was denoted as n and constructed by the explicit finite element analysis method. The mechanical properties and energy absorption performance for equivalent honeycombs were investigated and compared with hexagonal honeycombs under dynamic impact. Numerical results showed a well coincidence for each honeycomb under dynamic impact before 0.009 s. Honeycombs with the same thickness–width ratio had similar mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics. The equivalent method was verified by theoretical analysis, finite element analysis and experimental testing. Equivalent honeycombs exceeded the initial honeycomb in performance efficiency. Improvement of performance and weight loss reached 173.9% and 13.3% to the initial honeycomb. The double V-wing honeycomb possessed stronger impact resistance and better load-bearing capacity than the hexagonal honeycomb under impact in this study. The equivalent method could be applied to select the optimum honeycomb based on requirements and improve the efficiency of the double V-wing honeycomb.

Dynamic Finite Element Analysis of a Cylindrical Roller Bearing

2011 ◽  
Vol 143-144 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Bao Hong Tong ◽  
Yin Liu ◽  
Xiao Qian Sun ◽  
Xin Ming Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Finite Element ◽  
Dynamic Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Cylindrical Roller Bearing ◽  
Cylindrical Roller

A dynamic finite element analysis model for cylindrical roller bearing is developed, and the complex stress distribution and dynamic contacting nature of the bearing are investigated carefully based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Numerical simulation results show that the stress would be bigger when the element contacting with the inner or outer ring than at other times, and the biggest stress would appear near the area that roller contacting with the inner ring. Phenomenon of stress concentration on the roller is found to be very obvious during the operating process of the bearing system. The stress distributions of different elements are uneven on the same side surface of roller in its axis direction. Numerical simulation results can give useful references for the design and analysis of rolling bearing.

scholarly journals Analisis Perancangan Frame Gokart dari Pengaruh Pembebanan dengan Menggunakan CAD Solidworks 2016

Jurnal METTEK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Angga Restu Pahlawan ◽  
Rizal Hanifi ◽  
Aa Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Safety Factor ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Aisi 1045 ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Manual Calculation

Frame adalah salah satu komponen yang sangat penting dalam sebuah kendaraan, yang berfungsi sebagai penopang penumpang, mesin, suspensi, sistem kelistrikan dan lain-lain. Melihat fungsi dari frame sangat penting, maka dalam merancang sebuah frame harus diperhitungkan dengan baik. Banyak sekali jenis pengujian yang sering dipakai dalam perancangan sebuah struktur frame, salah satunya adalah digunakannya metode komputasi dengan menggunakan metode Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi tegangan, regangan, displacement, dan safety factor dari hasil pembebanan statis pada frame gokar. Struktur frame didesain dan dianalisis menggunakan software Solidworks 2016. Material yang digunakan frame adalah baja AISI 1045 hollow tube 273,2 mm, dengan menggunakan pembebanan pengendara sebesar 50 kg dan 70 kg. Hasil dari perhitungan manual didapatkan tegangan maksimum sebesar 4,735  107 N/m2, sedangkan dari simulasi didapatkan sebesar 4,516  107 N/m2. Regangan maksimum didapatkan dari perhitungan manual sebesar 2,310  10-4. Displacement maksimum didapatkan dari perhitungan manual sebesar 1,864  108 mm, sedangkan dari simulasi didapatkan sebesar 1,624  108 mm. Safety factor minimum didapatkan dari perhitungan manual sebesar 11,193, dan perhitungan simulasi didapatkan sebesar 11,736. The frame is one of the most important components in a vehicle, which functions as a support for passengers, engines, suspensions, electrical systems and others. Seeing the function of the frame is very important, so designing a frame must be taken into account well. There are many types of tests that are often used in the design of a frame structure, one of which is the use of computational methods using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of stress, strain, displacement, and safety factor from the results of static loading on the kart frame. The frame structure was designed and analyzed using Solidworks 2016 software. The material used in the frame is steel AISI 1045 hollow tube 27  3,2 mm, using a rider load of 50 kg and 70 kg. The result of manual calculation shows that the maximum stress is 4,735  107 N/m2, while the simulation results are 4,516  107 N/m2. The maximum strain is obtained from manual calculation of 2,310  10-4. The maximum displacement is obtained from manual calculations of 1,864  108 mm, while the simulation results are 1,624  108 mm. The minimum safety factor obtained from manual calculation is 11,193, and the simulation calculation is 11,736.

Design of the Full Scale Experiments for the Testing of the Tensile Strain Capacity of X52 Pipes With Girth Weld Flaws Under Internal Pressure and Tensile Displacement

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celal Cakiroglu ◽  
Samer Adeeb ◽  
J. J. Roger Cheng ◽  
Millan Sen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Tensile Strain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Strain Capacity ◽  
Tensile Strain Capacity

Pipelines can be subjected to significant amounts of tensile forces due to geotechnical movements like slope instabilities and seismic activities as well as due to frost heave and thaw cycles in arctic regions. The tensile strain capacity εtcrit of pipelines is crucial in the prediction of rupture and loss of containment capability in these load cases. Currently the Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems code CSA Z662-11 0 contains equations for the prediction of εtcrit as a function of geometry and material properties of the pipeline. These equations resulted from extensive experimental and numerical studies carried out by Wang et al [2]–[6] using curved wide plate tests on pipes having grades X65 and higher. Verstraete et al 0 conducted curved wide plate tests at the University of Ghent which also resulted in tensile strain capacity prediction methods and girth weld flaw acceptability criteria. These criteria are included in the European Pipeline Research Group (EPRG) Tier 2 guidelines. Furthermore Verstrate et al 0 introduced a pressure correction factor of 0.5 in order to include the effect of internal pressure in the tensile strain capacity predictions in a conservative way. Further research by Wang et al with full scale pipes having an internal pressure factor of 0.72 also showed that εtcrit decreases in the presence of internal pressure [10]–[15]. In their work, Wang et al presented a clear methodology for the design of full scale experiments and numerical simulations to study the effect of internal pressure on the tensile strain capacity of pipes with girth weld flaws [10]–[15]. However, there has been limited testing to enable a precise understanding of the tensile strain capacity of pipes with grades less than X65 as a function of girth weld flaw sizes and the internal pressure. In this paper the experimental setup for the testing of grade X52 full scale specimens with 12″ diameter and ¼″ wall thickness is demonstrated. In the scope of this research 8 full scale specimens will be tested and the results will be used to formulate the tensile strain capacity of X52 pipes under internal pressure. The specimens are designed for the simultaneous application of displacement controlled tensile loading and the internal pressure. Finite element analysis is applied in the optimization process for the sizes of end plates and connection elements. Also the lengths of the full scale specimens are determined based on the results from finite element analysis. The appropriate lengths are chosen in such a way that between the location of the girth weld flaw and the end plates uniform strain zones could be obtained. The internal pressure in these experiments is ranging between pressure values causing 80% SMYS and 30% SMYS hoop stress. The end plates and connection elements of the specimens are designed in such a way that the tensile displacement load is applied with an eccentricity of 10% of the pipe diameter with the purpose of increasing the magnitude of tensile strains at the girth weld flaw location. The results of two full scale experiments of this research program are presented. The structural response from the experiments is compared to the finite element simulation. The remote strain values of the experiment are found to be higher than the εtcrit values predicted by the equations in 0.

scholarly journals Repeatability of Full-Scale Crash Tests and Criteria for Validating Simulation Results

1996 ◽  
Vol 1528 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm H. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Finite Element Analyses ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Crash Tests

A method of comparing two acceleration time histories to determine whether they describe similar physical events is described. The method can be used to assess the repeatability of full-scale crash tests and it can also be used as a criterion for assessing how well a finite-element analysis of a collision event simulates a corresponding full-scale crash test. The method is used to compare a series of six identical crash tests and then is used to compare several finite-element analyses with full-scale crash test results.

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