The Effect of Aging on the Respiratory Movement of Human Rib Cage: Some Preliminaries

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vaziri ◽  
B. Akhavan-Tafti ◽  
H. Nayeb-Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Volume Change ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Respiratory Volume ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Cartilage Calcification ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Bucket Handle

It is clear that costal cartilage and rib articulation calcification, as well as, weakness of the respiratory muscles reduce the rib cage volume displacement. Usually, calcification begins from costochondral junction and extends toward the sternocostal junction. Teale et al [1] reviewed seven hundred chest radiographs to determine the site and extent of the calcification over an age range of 20 to 90 years. They concluded that the prevalence of the costal cartilage calcification increases from 6% in the 3rd decade to 45% in the 9th and is more common in men. In addition, it is generally assumed that muscle strength decreases 30–40%, between 30 and 80 years of age. The effect of these age-related changes on the respiratory volume change can be realized by studying the transverse and anteroposterior expansion of the ribs during respiration. Here, we try to estimate the respiratory volume change through the changes in the “bucket-handle” movement of the 5th rib utilizing finite element model. The effect of costal cartilages calcification in both transverse and anteroposterior movement of the rib cage can be attained by modeling the total rib cage.

A model of the respiratory pump

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Hillman ◽  
K. E. Finucane
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Wall Motion ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Lever System ◽  
Chest Wall Motion ◽  
Applied Forces

The interaction of forces that produce chest wall motion and lung volume change is complex and incompletely understood. To aid understanding we have developed a simple model that allows prediction of the effect on chest wall motion of changes in applied forces. The model is a lever system on which the forces generated actively by the respiratory muscles and passively by impedances of rib cage, lungs, abdomen, and diaphragm act at fixed sites. A change in forces results in translational and/or rotational motion of the lever; motion represents volume change. The distribution and magnitude of passive relative to active forces determine the locus and degree of rotation and therefore the effect of an applied force on motion of the chest wall, allowing the interaction of diaphragm, rib cage, and abdomen to be modeled. Analysis of moments allow equations to be derived that express the effect on chest wall motion of the active component in terms of the passive components. These equations may be used to test the model by comparing predicted with empirical behavior. The model is simple, appears valid for a variety of respiratory maneuvers, is useful in interpreting relative motion of rib cage and abdomen and may be useful in quantifying the effective forces acting on the rib cage.

Asymmetry in Event-Related Potentials to Simulated Auditory Motion in Children, Young Adults, and Seniors

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 001-013 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Jerger ◽  
Rebecca Estes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Velocity Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age Range

We studied auditory evoked responses to the apparent movement of a burst of noise in the horizontal plane. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in three groups of participants: children in the age range from 9 to 12 years, young adults in the age range from 18 to 34 years, and seniors in the age range from 65 to 80 years. The topographic distribution of grand-averaged ERP activity was substantially greater over the right hemisphere in children and seniors but slightly greater over the left hemisphere in young adults. This finding may be related to age-related differences in the extent to which judgments of sound movement are based on displacement versus velocity information.

scholarly journals Anisotropic and age-dependent elastic material behavior of the human costal cartilage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Weber ◽  
Markus Alexander Rothschild ◽  
Anja Niehoff
Keyword(s):  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Indentation Test ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Unconfined Compression Test ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Age Related

AbstractCompared to articular cartilage, the biomechanical properties of costal cartilage have not yet been extensively explored. The research presented addresses this problem by studying for the first time the anisotropic elastic behavior of human costal cartilage. Samples were taken from 12 male and female cadavers and unconfined compression and indentation tests were performed in mediolateral and dorsoventral direction to determine Young’s Moduli EC for compression and Ei5%, Ei10% and Eimax at 5%, 10% and maximum strain for indentation. Furthermore, the crack direction of the unconfined compression samples was determined and histological samples of the cartilage tissue were examined with the picrosirius-polarization staining method. The tests revealed mean Young’s Moduli of EC = 32.9 ± 17.9 MPa (N = 10), Ei5% = 11.1 ± 5.6 MPa (N = 12), Ei10% = 13.3 ± 6.3 MPa (N = 12) and Eimax = 14.6 ± 6.6 MPa (N = 12). We found that the Young’s Moduli in the indentation test are clearly anisotropic with significant higher results in the mediolateral direction (all P = 0.002). In addition, a dependence of the crack direction of the compressed specimens on the load orientation was observed. Those findings were supported by the orientation of the structure of the collagen fibers determined in the histological examination. Also, a significant age-related elastic behavior of human costal cartilage could be shown with the unconfined compression test (P = 0.009) and the indentation test (P = 0.004), but no sex effect could be detected. Those results are helpful in the field of autologous grafts for rhinoplastic surgery and for the refinement of material parameters in Finite Element models e.g., for accident analyses with traumatic impact on the thorax.

scholarly journals The Positive Legacy of Vision Loss: Pathways to Posttraumatic Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 616-617
Author(s):  
Corinna Tanner ◽  
Michael Caserta ◽  
Jia-Wen Guo ◽  
Margaret Clayton ◽  
Paul Bernstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Severe Vision Loss ◽  
Age Range

Abstract This mixed method study describes posttraumatic growth (PTG) accruing form experience with vision loss caused by severe age related macular degeneration (AMD) and explores relationships between depression, social support, and cognitive processing, on the path to PTG. Research describing the psychological and social issues surrounding AMD has focused on negative outcomes. However, learning from highly challenging experiences, such as vision loss, can offer benefits. In this study, these included an increased sense of personal strength, increased spirituality, and empathy for others (all domains of PTG). 89 participants with severe vision loss (mean age = 85.3 years, age range = 74–98 years) completed the interviewer-administered composite questionnaire, which identified elements of Tedeschi and Calhoun’s model of PTG. Relationships between variables were examined using path analysis. Findings were contextualized with data from 15 qualitative interviews. Findings underscored the importance of supportive others and deliberate cognitive processing in the path to PTG.

scholarly journals The effect of intrinsic physiological traits on diapause survival and their underlying mechanisms in an annual bee species Bombus impatiens

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Treanore ◽  
Etya Amsalem
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Nutrient Acquisition ◽  
Bombus Impatiens ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Age Range

Abstract In the face of insect declines, identifying phases of the life cycle when insects are particularly vulnerable to mortality is critical to conservation efforts. For numerous annual insect groups, diapause is both a key adaptation that allows survival of inhospitable conditions and a physiologically demanding life stage that can result in high rates of mortality. As bees continue to garner attention as a group experiencing high rates of decline, improving our understanding of how annual bees prepare for diapause and identifying factors that reduce survival is imperative. Here, we studied factors affecting diapause survival length and their underlying mechanisms using an economically and ecologically important annual bee species, Bombus impatiens. We examined how age and mass upon diapause onset correlate with diapause survival length, and the mechanistic role of nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress post pupal eclosion in mediating these effects. Our findings show that both age and mass were strong predictors of diapause survival length. Heavier queens or queens in the age range of ~6–17 days survived longer in diapause. Mass gain was attributed to increases in lipid, protein and glycerol amounts following pupal eclosion, and the ability to deal with oxidative stress was significantly compromised in older pre-diapause queens. Our results demonstrate that age-related shifts in bee physiology and timing of nutrient acquisition may both be critical factors driving diapause survival.

Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Zimmermann ◽  
Alexandra Iwanski
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Age Range

Despite the growing research on emotion regulation, the empirical evidence for normative age-related emotion regulation patterns is rather divergent. From a life-span perspective, normative age changes in emotion regulation may be more salient applying the same methodological approach on a broad age range examining both growth and decline during development. In addition, emotion-specific developmental patterns might show differential developmental trends. The present study examined age differences in seven emotion regulation strategies from early adolescence (age 11) to middle adulthood (age 50) for the three emotions of sadness, fear, and anger. The results showed specific developmental changes in the use of emotion regulation strategies for each of the three emotions. In addition, results suggest age-specific increases and decreases in many emotion regulation strategies, with a general trend to increasing adaptive emotion regulation. Specifically, middle adolescence shows the smallest emotion regulation strategy repertoire. Gender differences appeared for most emotion regulation strategies. The findings suggest that the development of emotion regulation should be studied in an emotion-specific manner, as a perspective solely on general emotion regulation either under- or overestimates existing emotion-specific developmental changes.

The ‘open-earedness’ hypothesis and the development of age-related aesthetic reactions to music in elementary school children

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Kopiez ◽  
Marco Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Musical Preference ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Musical Styles

This study investigates age-related changes in musical preference in elementary school children. The tolerance towards unconventional musical styles has been called ‘open-earedness’ (Hargreaves, 1982a), and it is assumed to decline with increasing age. Musical preferences of 186 students from grade 1 to 4 (age range: 6–10 years) were measured by using a 5-point iconographic rating scale. Eight sound examples were presented in a sound questionnaire. Results showed a decline of open-earedness for unconventional music (classical, ethnic and avant-garde music) from grade 1 to 2 (age: 7–8 years). However, this effect disappeared when classical music was excluded from data analysis. Only a few absolute rejections of unconventional musical styles were found, and the mean preference ratings did not exceed the neutral mean range. Future studies will have to consider additional factors of influence to make clear predictions about the point in time when this transition occurs.

scholarly journals The Development of Expressive Drawing Abilities during Childhood and into Adolescence

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Picard ◽  
Christophe Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Shift ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
The Way

The way children portray emotions in their drawings of human and nonhuman topics is assumed to reflect their artistic, emotional, and cognitive development. This study was designed to investigate the development of expressive drawings during childhood and into adolescence, using a large age range (5–15 years) and sample size (N=480), so as to provide a precise and comprehensive view of age-related changes in children’s ability to produce expressive drawings. More specifically, we focused on children’s developing ability to use the techniques of literal and metaphorical expression, either alone or in combination. We also examined the effects of sex, topics (house, tree, or person), and the depicted emotion (happiness or sadness) on the use of each expressive technique. The main findings were that there is a developmental shift between childhood (5–10 years) and adolescence (11–15 years) in the use of expressive techniques, from simple (literal) to more complex forms of expression (metaphorical).

scholarly journals Somatotypical features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters in city schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
V. A. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Objective: to assess the constitutional features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters of city schoolchildren in the age range of 7–17 years.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were schoolchildren aged 7–17. The stages of the expression of secondary sexual characteristics were determined visually according to the scheme by J.M. Tanner. The functional parameters of the examined schoolchildren were assessed using the methods of dynamometry, spirometry; blood pressure and heart rates, as well as the time of simple sensorimotor reactions were measured.Results. As a result of the performed studies, it has been found that representatives of the hypersomnic types are ahead of other types to reveal the first stages of secondary sexual characteristics. Schoolchildren with the leptosomic morphotypes due to higher rates of their development have reached the definitive stages by the same age as those with the hypersomnic variants. The intensity of age-related changes in functional parameters (strength qualities, circulatory and respiratory systems, nervous system) in the studied objects depends on their body type.Conclusion. The stage and rate of puberty, as well as the development of functional parameters in city schoolchildren depends on their somatotype.

Goal disengagement capacities and severity of disease across older adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelle Jobin ◽  
Carsten Wrosch
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Goal Disengagement ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Early Old Age

This study examined age-related associations between goal disengagement capacities, emotional distress, and disease severity across older adulthood. Given that an age-related increase in the experience of stressors might render important goals unattainable, it is expected that goal disengagement capacities would predict a decrease in the severity of experienced illness (i.e., the common cold) by preventing emotional distress (i.e., depressive symptoms), particularly so among individuals in advanced (as compared to early) old age. This hypothesis was tested in a 6-year longitudinal study of 131 older adults (age range = 64 to 90). Regression analyses showed that goal disengagement capacities buffered 6-year increases in older adults’ cold symptoms, and that this effect was significantly pronounced among older-old participants. Mediation analyses further indicated that changes in depressive symptoms exerted an indirect effect on the age-related association between goal disengagement and changes in cold symptoms. The study’s findings suggest that goal disengagement capacities become increasingly important for protecting emotional well-being and physical health as older adults advance in age.

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