Experimental Evaluation of a Hydraulically Actuated Tilt System for a Narrow Track Three-Wheeled Vehicle

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Drew ◽  
Matt Barker ◽  
Kevin Edge ◽  
Jos Darling ◽  
Geraint Owen
Keyword(s):  
Poor Response ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Fundamental Limitations ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Tilt Response ◽  
The Eu

The objective of the EU-funded CLEVER Project (Compact Low Emission VEhicle for uRban transport) is the design and development of a novel two-seat vehicle for individual urban transport providing car-like levels of comfort, safety and convenience with the lower emissions, noise levels and road footprints of motorcycles. A narrow three-wheeled tilting vehicle has been identified as the best method of achieving these goals. One problem with vehicles with a narrow track is the unstable roll moment created when cornering. To solve this issue, the vehicle's centre of gravity is moved towards the centre of the corner by tilting the vehicle in a similar manner to that of a motorcycle. An active tilting system using hydraulic actuation has been employed, allowing for car-like controls. A prototype vehicle has been built to test this active tilting system. Initial testing revealed that while basic steady state handling was good, transient response required improvement. The evidence indicating this poor response is examined, and the necessary methods employed within the control system to solve the issue are discussed. Improved results are presented following an increase in the system gain. The effects of different filter cutoff frequencies on the objective and subjective vehicle handling characteristics is also investigated and presented here. It is shown that when designing a three-wheeled tilting vehicle with the arrangement used in CLEVER, safe handling can only be achieved at the expense of fast tilt response. This is a result of fundamental limitations of the vehicle design.

scholarly journals The development of low-emission public urban transport in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (41) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Taczanowski ◽  
Arkadiusz Kołoś ◽  
Krzysztof Gwosdz ◽  
Bolesław Domański ◽  
Robert Guzik
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The aim of the paper is to identify the main factors and mechanisms behind the development of low-emission public transport vehicles in Polish cities. This innovation is primarily connected with growing environmental requirements for transport, with the EU environmental and transport policies being the key factors. However, strategies of local governments and municipal transport companies as well as the organization of urban transport - which differs significantly between cities - also play an important role. Three basic types of approach towards low-emission buses can be observed in Polish cities: tests of electric and hybrid vehicles, purchases of small quantities of buses in order to implement new solutions, and finally attempts to replace the majority or even the entire transport fleet with low-emission vehicles. It should be emphasised that an important element which affects the development of low emission public urban transport in Poland is the fact that the country has become one of the main bus producers in Europe - a fact which is a result of both large-scale foreign investments and the success of Polish manufacturers.

A comparison of different models of passive seat suspensions

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702199092
Author(s):  
Raj Desai ◽  
Anirban Guha ◽  
P. Seshu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Human Comfort ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Seat Suspension ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Suspension Model ◽  
Suspension Models

Long duration exposure to vehicle induced vibration causes various ailments to humans. Amongst the various components of the human-vehicle system, the seat suspension plays a major role in determining the level of vibration transferred to humans. However, optimising the suspension for maximising human comfort leads to poor vehicle handling characteristics. Thus, predicting human comfort through various seat suspension models is a widely researched topic. However, the appropriate seat suspension model to be used has not been identified so far. Neither has any prior work reported integrating models of all the components necessary for this analysis, namely human body, cushion, seat suspension and vehicle chassis, each with the appropriate level of complexity. This work uses a two-dimensional 12 DoF seated human body model with inclined backrest support, a nonlinear cushion model, a seat suspension model and a full vehicle model. Two kinds of road profiles – one with random roughness and one with a bump – have been used. It then compares the performance of five different seat suspension models based on a number of human comfort related parameters (seat to head transmissibility, suspension travel, seat acceleration, cushion contact force and head acceleration in both vertical and fore-aft directions) and vehicle handling parameters (vertical, rolling and pitching acceleration of chassis). The results clearly show the superiority of the configuration which involves a spring parallel to an inclined multi-stage damper. A separate analysis was also done to judge whether the integration of the vehicle model (with its associated complication) was necessary for this analysis. A comparison of the human body’s internal forces, moments, acceleration, and absorbed power with and without the vehicle model clearly indicates the need of using the former.

Mechanism for the Reduction of Lateral Friction Capabilities of a Delaminated Tire

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Semones ◽  
David A. Renfroe ◽  
H. Alex Roberts ◽  
Don Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Test Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Structural Rigidity ◽  
Vehicle Testing ◽  
Lateral Friction

Tire delamination is a significant vehicle dynamics safety problem contributing to the loss of control of passenger vehicles, often resulting in accidents and injuries. This paper examines vehicle handling characteristics after a complete outer tread belt separation on 2-steel belt and 3-steel belt tires. The test vehicle used to examine this phenomenon was a Ford 15-passenger van. The test procedure was the SAE J266 circle test, and the measure of effectiveness was taken to be the lateral acceleration at which the vehicle transitioned to an oversteer characteristic. For a typical tread separation on a 2-steel belted tire, the tire loses one of its steel belts and thus much of its structural rigidity. Vehicle testing using a 3-steel belted tire, in which only the outermost single belt was removed, and the remaining two belts were oriented along opposite diagonals, showed that the vehicle remained in an understeer condition at higher lateral accelerations than with the 2-steel belted tire, indicating that the retention of greater structural rigidity to the impaired tire resulted in it maintaining much of its cornering stiffness. Until now, it has been assumed that the reduction in cornering stiffness of a delaminated tire was predominately due to the low coefficient of friction of the exposed steel belt after delamination. The testing described in this paper suggests that a significant influence on the remaining cornering stiffness of the tire after tread separation is the overall remaining structural rigidity of the tire. From this testing, it is theorized that the rigidity of the delaminated tire is at least as important as the reduced coefficient of friction for the purposes of maintaining vehicle understeer behavior after a delamination.

A Model Vehicle for Measuring Handling Characteristics Using the Tethered Testing Technique

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-272
Author(s):  
L. C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Automotive Engineering ◽  
Handling Characteristics

A model vehicle has been designed and constructed to provide practical work in vehicle dynamics for students of automotive engineering. Its handling characteristics can be measured using the technique of tethered testing. It has been in regular use for sixteen years at the RMCS and has proved invaluable in giving students an opportunity to observe the effects of compliant tyres on vehicle handling and to achieve a deeper understanding of steady-state handling theory.

The Use of Accident Data in Studying Vehicle Handling Performance

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Handling Performance ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Accident Causation ◽  
Accident Data

A study to establish the relation between vehicle handling performance and accident causation. Since deficiencies in handling are likely to be associated with accidents involving loss of control, measures of handling which are likely to express proneness to loss of control are first suggested; emphasis is placed on simplicity of measurement to allow as many different models of car as possible to be included in the study. Accident rates for the various types of accident which are likely to be influenced by these parameters are then determined by model of car. The effect of other factors, such as variation in driver characteristics between different models of car on these rates is then assessed so that the relation between handling characteristics and accident frequency can be defined. Finally, the relative importance of the various measures of handling suggested are assessed. The results suggest that there is a definite relation between handling performance and accident causation although it is relatively small when compared to driver effects. In explaining the variation in the accident rate between different models of car, driver effects account for as much as 70 per cent; if driver effects are removed from the accident rate then handling parameters explain between 35 and 40 per cent of the remaining variation between models of car. The important parameters appear to be weight, a measure of the change in understeer as a function of lateral acceleration and power to weight ratio.

Factors Influencing the Hot Fuel Vapour Handling Characteristics of Gasoline Engined Automobiles

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Handling Performance ◽  
Handling Characteristics ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Fuel Vapour

Hot fuel handling problems of the motor car have engaged the automotive engineer and gasoline refiner since the 1930s. The subject has received considerable attention in the USA and interest in Europe has increased with the need to market cars world-wide. This paper discusses fuel and engine design features associated with the hot fuel handling performance of European cars and includes suggestions on test locations and procedures. Vehicle design features affecting hot fuel handling performance have changed significantly in recent years resulting in the need to improve vapour tolerance. Vehicle design features conducive to good hot fuel handling performance have therefore been enumerated, with particular emphasis being given to the design of mechanical fuel pumps, the component from which most benefits would be reaped by further development. In the future, there will be a need for still closer cooperation between the oil and motor industries to achieve optimum use of natural resources and to provide maximum benefit to the vehicle user.

scholarly journals Protection against traffic noise in urban areas in relation to noise control plans

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 075-082
Author(s):  
Janusz Bohatkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Noise Control ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Noise Barriers ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Noise Mapping ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
The Eu

Exposure to traffic noise belongs to the most harmful impacts affecting people who live in towns. Nearly one third of residents of big towns in Poland suffers from permanent exposure to traffic noise, which may have adverse effects on health. The same refers to most European cities. The problems of noise is regulated by identical legislation in the EU and in Poland. Noise control in big towns arises from regulations related to obligatory provision of noise mapping and noise control plans. The plans contain, among other things, site-specific methods of protection against traffic noise. Those sites are defined by means of the “M” index, whose value is the higher the more people live in the area and the more permissible noise levels are exceeded. The noise control plans prepared to-date contain a range of methods and measures aimed at ensuring protection against traffic noise. In many cases those methods are nothing but improvised response and are not effective enough in towns, for example noise barriers. Results of pilot research indicates that comprehensive physical traffic calming measures may prove to be an effective and long lasting noise control solution in the surrounding of streets in urban areas. Physical traffic calming may be more effective than the measures commonly used so far which does not require additional land acquisition.

scholarly journals Low-Emission Alternative Energy for Transport in the EU: State of Play of Research and Innovation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7764
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ortega ◽  
Konstantinos Gkoumas ◽  
Anastasios Tsakalidis ◽  
Ferenc Pekár
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
The Eu

The 2030 Climate target plan of the European Commission (EC) establishes a greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction target of at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990. It highlights that all transport modes—road, rail, aviation and waterborne—will have to contribute to this aim. A smart combination of vehicle/vessel/aircraft efficiency improvements, as well as fuel mix changes, are among the measures that can reduce GHG emissions, reducing at the same time noise pollution and improving air quality. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of recent research and innovation in low-emission alternative energy for transport (excluding hydrogen) in selected European Union (EU)-funded projects. It considers the latest developments in the field, identifying relevant researched technologies by fuel type and their development phase. The results show that liquefied natural gas (LNG) refueling stations, followed by biofuels for road transport and alternative aviation fuels, are among the researched technologies with the highest investments. Methane-based fuels (e.g., compressed natural gas (CNG), LNG) have received the greatest attention concerning the number of projects and the level of funding. By contrast, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) only has four ongoing projects. Alcohols, esters and ethers, and synthetic paraffinic and aromatic fuels (SPF) are in between. So far, road transport has the highest use of alternative fuels in the transport sector. Despite the financial support from the EU, advances have yet to materialize, suggesting that EU transport decarbonization policies should not consider a radical or sudden change, and therefore, transition periods are critical. It is also noteworthy that there is no silver bullet solution to decarbonization and thus the right use of the various alternative fuels available will be key.

scholarly journals Concurrent Design of Railway Vehicles by Simulation Model Reuse

10.14311/488 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Valášek ◽  
P. Steinbauer ◽  
J. Kolář ◽  
J. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Railway Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Concurrent Design ◽  
Railway Vehicles ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Previous Design ◽  
The Eu

This paper describes a concurrent design approach to railway vehicle design. Current railway vehicles use many different concepts that are combined into the final design concept. The design support for such systems is based on reusing components from previous design cases. The key part of the railway vehicle design concept is its simulation model. Therefore the support is based on support for reuse of previous simulation models. The simulation models of different railway component concepts are stored using the methodology from the EU CLOCKWORK project. The new concept usually combines stored components.

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