Study of Flame Retardancy of Carbon Nanopaper Sheets in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Zhao ◽  
J. Gou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Transport Barrier ◽  
Engineering Requirement

In recent years, more severe requirement of budget and safety from industrial fields, especially space exploration and defense field, demand a new class of materials whose characteristics can satisfy both various engineering requirement and strict safety standard. The latter demands materials to have good thermal properties and significantly improved fire retardant property. In this research, multifunctional materials with layered structures are made from polyester resin, glass fiber mats and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs are added to the resin component of the composite laminates as additives in pulverised form and carbon nanofiber paper sheets (CNFS), respectively. Their flammability behaviors are investigated with cone calorimeter under well-controlled combustion conditions. And their heat release rate and other test parameters are compared and discussed, such as ignition time, heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and so on. Although its PHRR is sharply increased to higher level for CNFS enforced composite laminates, its HRR curve is lowered greatly in most flaming time. Therefore, the pre-incorporated CNFS may act as an excellent insulator and mass transport barrier, improving the flame retardant property.

Research on Fire Retardant Performance of Chinese Fir with the Compound of Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate and SiO2 Gels

2011 ◽  
Vol 477 ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Qing Qing Ye ◽  
Xiao Qian Qian ◽  
Jun Ying Lai
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate

The environmental fire retardant mentioned in this paper was compounded of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and silicon dioxygen(SiO2)gels. Specimens of Chinese fir were impregnated with the compound by pressure and its fire retardant performance was studied. Results showed that, the anti-loss performance of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate was improved obviously. Compared with the untreated specimen, total heat release of the treated specimens decreased by 44.5% on average, while heat release rate decreased by 50.85% on average and ignition time prolonged obviously, which indicates that this compound possess good fire retardancy effect

Fire Properties of Elephant Grass Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ramanaiah ◽  
A.V. Ratna Prasad ◽  
K. Hema Chandra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Fire Properties

Natural fiber composites (NFC) and glass fiber composites (GFC) have been prepared by incorporating elephant grass fibers and glass fibers in to polyester matrix via hand layup technique. In this study, the fire properties of composites have been evaluated by cone calorimeter. The addition of elephant grass fiber has effectively reduced the average heat release rate (Av. HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the matrix by 28 %, and 36 %, respectively. Maximum average heat rate emission and carbon monoxide yield of the bio composites decrease substantially compared with that of matrix. However, average carbon dioxide yield, and total smoke release values of matrix are slightly increased with the addition of the elephant grass fiber. The NFC ignites earlier, release greater levels of heat when compared with that of GFC. Average HRR, PHRR and THR values of NFC are about 39%, 71% and 38% greater than those of GFC, respectively. Further, theoretical models were used to predict time to flashover and FO classification of composites.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

scholarly journals Analysis on the Fire Growth Rate Index Considering of Scale Factor, Volume Fraction, and Ignition Heat Source for Polyethylene Foam Pipe Insulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3644
Author(s):  
Jung Wook Park ◽  
Ohk Kun Lim ◽  
Woo Jun You
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Pipe Insulation

The fire growth rate index (FIGRA), which is the ratio of the maximum value of the heat release rate (Qmax) and the time (tmax) to reach the maximum heat release rate, is a general method to evaluate a material in the fire-retardant performance in fire technology. The object of this study aims to predict FIGRA of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation in accordance with the scale factor (Sf), the volume fraction of the pipe insulation (VF) and the ignition heat source (Qig). The compartments made of fireboard have been mock-up with 1/3, 1/4, and 1/5 reduced scales of the compartment as specified in ISO 20632. The heat release rate data of the pipe insulation with the variation of Sf, VF, and Qig are measured from 33 experiments to correlate with FIGRA. Based on a critical analysis of the heat transfer phenomenon from previous research literature, the predictions of Qmax and tmax are presented. It is noticeable that the fire-retardant grade of the polyethylene foam pipe insulation could have Grade B, C, and D in accordance with the test conditions within ±15% deviation of the predicted FIGRA. In case of establishing the database of various types of insulation, the prediction models could apply to evaluate the fire-retardant performance.

Thermal Aging Effects on Fire Performance of the Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable

2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 2399-2404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Mei Li ◽  
Jia Qing Zhang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Zi Dong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Insulation Failure ◽  
Failure Temperature

To evaluate the fire performance of the cable in service, the ignition time, heat release rate and insulation failure parameters of the accelerated thermal aging cable on stimulated fire condition were studied. The results show that, the extended ignition time and decreasing peak of heat release rate of the cable in the early stage of aging are the addictive including the lubricant, plasticizer and anti-oxygen. In the aggravating of thermal aging, labile materials with low heating value will be exhausted, while the thermal stability of insulation sheath material decreases, its corresponding ignition time will start to shorten and initial peak of heat release rate will start to rise. The insulation failure temperature of the cable is related with the decomposition temperature of insulation materials of the cable by heating. In each aging stage, the decomposition temperatures of insulation materials by heating are all lower than the insulation failure temperature of the cable for about 10°C. The reason for the insulation failure of the cable is that the ambient heat , gives rise to the decomposition by heating of internal insulation materials of the cable through sheath materials finally under the thermal transmission effect.

Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

2011 ◽  
Vol 217-218 ◽  
pp. 631-635
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardant Property ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

scholarly journals Effects of Fire Retardant Chemicals and Retention on Heat Release Rate of Wood

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Kikuchi ◽  
Satoshi Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant

scholarly journals A Simplified Analysis to Predict the Fire Hazard of Primary Lithium Battery

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyi Chen ◽  
Jiahao Liu ◽  
Ouyang Dongxu ◽  
Shuchao Cao ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Primary Lithium Battery ◽  
Simplified Analysis

To better understand the fire risk of primary lithium batteries, the combustion properties of different numbers of primary lithium batteries were investigated experimentally in this work. Based on the t2 fire principle and total heat release results from the experiments, a simplified analysis was developed to predict the fire hazard, and especially the heat release rate, of primary lithium batteries. By comparing the experiment and simulation results, the simulation line agrees well with the heat release rate curve based on the oxygen consumption measurements of a single primary lithium battery. When multiple batteries are burned, each battery ignites at different times throughout the process. The ignition time difference parameter is introduced into the simulation to achieve similar results as during multiple batteries combustion. These simulation curves conform well to the experimental curves, demonstrating that this heat release rate simulation analysis is suitable for application in batteries fires.

scholarly journals Effects of Insulating Material Ageing on Ignition Time and Heat Release Rate of the Flame Retardant Cables

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 972-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-si Zhang ◽  
Jia-qing Zhang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Liu-fang Wang ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
Material Ageing

Research on the Combustibility of PI Needle Punched Nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 1335-1338
Author(s):  
Shu Gan Li ◽  
Xiao Ning Jiao ◽  
Qing Long Jia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Resistance Performance

This paper demonstrates the combustibility of PI needle punched nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter. Ignition parameter, heat release parameters, smoke and toxicity parameters and mass loss parameters of the fabric were obtained from it. It was found that ignition time is 38 s; the peak of heat release rate is 65 kW/m2; total heat release is 7 MJ/m2; smoke release rate is 1.5 L/s; smoke factor is 1.3 MW/m2 and mass lose rate is 73.3%. Therefore the results show that PI needle punched nonwovens has excellent fire-resistance performance.

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