scholarly journals A Simplified Analysis to Predict the Fire Hazard of Primary Lithium Battery

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyi Chen ◽  
Jiahao Liu ◽  
Ouyang Dongxu ◽  
Shuchao Cao ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Lithium Battery ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Primary Lithium Battery ◽  
Simplified Analysis

To better understand the fire risk of primary lithium batteries, the combustion properties of different numbers of primary lithium batteries were investigated experimentally in this work. Based on the t2 fire principle and total heat release results from the experiments, a simplified analysis was developed to predict the fire hazard, and especially the heat release rate, of primary lithium batteries. By comparing the experiment and simulation results, the simulation line agrees well with the heat release rate curve based on the oxygen consumption measurements of a single primary lithium battery. When multiple batteries are burned, each battery ignites at different times throughout the process. The ignition time difference parameter is introduced into the simulation to achieve similar results as during multiple batteries combustion. These simulation curves conform well to the experimental curves, demonstrating that this heat release rate simulation analysis is suitable for application in batteries fires.

Heat release rate: The single most important variable in fire hazard

1992 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytenis Babrauskas ◽  
Richard D. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
In Fire

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION THE FIRE HAZARD OF PLYWOODS USING A CONE CALORIMETER

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-942
Author(s):  
ZHIGANG WU ◽  
XUE DENG ◽  
LIFEN LI ◽  
LIPING YU ◽  
JIE CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Safety Level

A high-efficiency fire retardant composition was prepared with dicyandiamide, phosphoric acid, boric acid, borax, urea and magnesium sulfate and it was used to process veneers which were then to prepare the plywood. Meanwhile, heat release and smoke release from combustion of plywood were tested by a cone calorimeter, including heat release rate, mass loss rate, CO yield, CO2 yield and oxygen consumption. Results showed that the plywood with this fire retardant treatment had the better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression effect as well as the stronger char-forming capability compared to plywood without fire retardant treatment. The average heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, total smoke release, CO yield and oxygen consumption of the plywood with fire retardant treatment were decreased by 63.72%, 91.94%, 53.70%, 76.81%, 84.99% and 91.86%, respectively. Moreover, the fire growth index of plywood treated by fire retardant was relatively low (3.454 kW·m-2·s-1) and it took longer time to reach the peak heat release rate, accompanied with slow fire spreading. The fire performance index was relatively high (0.136 s·m2·kW-1) and it took longer time to be ignited, thus leaving a long time for escaping at fire accidents. The fire hazard of plywood with fire retardant treatment was low, and its safety level was high.

scholarly journals Non-Chloride in Situ Preparation of Nano-Cuprous Oxide and Its Effect on Heat Resistance and Combustion Properties of Calcium Alginate

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyuan Shao ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Yun Xue ◽  
Xihui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Combustion Properties

With Cu2+ complexes as precursors, nano-cuprous oxide was prepared on a sodium alginate template excluded of Cl− and based on which the calcium alginate/nano-cuprous oxide hybrid materials were prepared by a Ca2+ crosslinking and freeze-drying process. The thermal degradation and combustion behavior of the materials were studied by related characterization techniques using pure calcium alginate as a comparison. The results show that the weight loss rate, heat release rate, peak heat release rate, total heat release rate and specific extinction area of the hybrid materials were remarkably lower than pure calcium alginate, and the flame-retardant performance was significantly improved. The experimental data indicates that nano-cuprous oxide formed a dense protective layer of copper oxide, calcium carbonate and carbon by lowering the initial degradation temperature of the polysaccharide chain during thermal degradation and catalytically dehydrating to char in the combustion process, and thereby can isolate combustible gases, increase carbon residual rates, and notably reduce heat release and smoke evacuation.

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of Thermally Thin Materials in Cone Calorimeter

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Marouane El El Gazi ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Marcos Batistella ◽  
Shantanu Basak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion

In this study, a representative set of thermally thin materials including various lignocellulosic and synthetic fabrics, dense wood, and polypropylene sheets were tested using a cone calorimeter at different heat fluxes. Time-to-ignition, critical heat flux, and peak of heat release rate (pHRR) were the main parameters considered. It appears that the flammability is firstly monitored by the sample weight. Especially, while the burning rate of thermally-thin materials does never reach a steady state in cone calorimeter, their pHRR appears to be mainly driven by the fire load (i.e., the product of sample weight and effective heat of combustion) with no or negligible influence of textile structure. A simple phenomenological model was proposed to calculate the pHRR taking into account only three parameters, namely heat flux, sample weight, and effective heat of combustion. The model allows predicting easily the peak of heat release rate, which is often considered as the main single property informing about the fire hazard. It also allows drawing some conclusions about the flame retardant strategies to reduce the pHRR.

scholarly journals Investigating Combustion Process of N-Butanol-Diesel Blends in a Diesel Engine with Variable Compression Ratio

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 618-628
Author(s):  
György Szabados ◽  
Kristóf Lukács ◽  
Ákos Bereczky
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Angle ◽  
Combustion Properties

The search for alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is ongoing. Among the alternatives, plant-based fuels can also be mentioned. Alcohol is not a common fuel for diesel engines because the physical and chemical properties of the alcohols are closer to those of gasoline. In our research, the combustion properties of diesel-n-butanol mixtures have been investigated to obtain results on the effect of butanol blending on combustion. Among the combustion properties, ignition delay, in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate can be mentioned. They have been observed under different compression conditions on an engine on which the compression ratio can be adjusted. The method used was a quite simple one, so the speed of the engine was set to a constant 900 rpm without load, while three compression ratios (19.92, 15.27, and 12.53) were adjusted with a fuel flow rate of 13 mL/min and the pre-injection angle of 18° BTDC. Blending butanol into the investigated fuel does not significantly affect maximal values of indicated pressure, while much more effect on the pressure rising rate can be detected. Furthermore, heat release rate and ignition delay increased at every compression ratio investigated. Despite the low blending rates of butanol in the mixtures, butanol significantly affects the combustion parameters, especially at high compression ratios.

Thermal Aging Effects on Fire Performance of the Cross-Linked Polyethylene Insulated Cable

2017 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
pp. 2399-2404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Mei Li ◽  
Jia Qing Zhang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Zi Dong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Insulation Failure ◽  
Failure Temperature

To evaluate the fire performance of the cable in service, the ignition time, heat release rate and insulation failure parameters of the accelerated thermal aging cable on stimulated fire condition were studied. The results show that, the extended ignition time and decreasing peak of heat release rate of the cable in the early stage of aging are the addictive including the lubricant, plasticizer and anti-oxygen. In the aggravating of thermal aging, labile materials with low heating value will be exhausted, while the thermal stability of insulation sheath material decreases, its corresponding ignition time will start to shorten and initial peak of heat release rate will start to rise. The insulation failure temperature of the cable is related with the decomposition temperature of insulation materials of the cable by heating. In each aging stage, the decomposition temperatures of insulation materials by heating are all lower than the insulation failure temperature of the cable for about 10°C. The reason for the insulation failure of the cable is that the ambient heat , gives rise to the decomposition by heating of internal insulation materials of the cable through sheath materials finally under the thermal transmission effect.

Study of Flame Retardancy of Carbon Nanopaper Sheets in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Zhao ◽  
J. Gou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Transport Barrier ◽  
Engineering Requirement

In recent years, more severe requirement of budget and safety from industrial fields, especially space exploration and defense field, demand a new class of materials whose characteristics can satisfy both various engineering requirement and strict safety standard. The latter demands materials to have good thermal properties and significantly improved fire retardant property. In this research, multifunctional materials with layered structures are made from polyester resin, glass fiber mats and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). CNFs are added to the resin component of the composite laminates as additives in pulverised form and carbon nanofiber paper sheets (CNFS), respectively. Their flammability behaviors are investigated with cone calorimeter under well-controlled combustion conditions. And their heat release rate and other test parameters are compared and discussed, such as ignition time, heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (PHRR), and so on. Although its PHRR is sharply increased to higher level for CNFS enforced composite laminates, its HRR curve is lowered greatly in most flaming time. Therefore, the pre-incorporated CNFS may act as an excellent insulator and mass transport barrier, improving the flame retardant property.

scholarly journals Effects of Insulating Material Ageing on Ignition Time and Heat Release Rate of the Flame Retardant Cables

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 972-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-si Zhang ◽  
Jia-qing Zhang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Liu-fang Wang ◽  
Hui Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
Material Ageing

Research on the Combustibility of PI Needle Punched Nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter

2011 ◽  
Vol 332-334 ◽  
pp. 1335-1338
Author(s):  
Shu Gan Li ◽  
Xiao Ning Jiao ◽  
Qing Long Jia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Resistance Performance

This paper demonstrates the combustibility of PI needle punched nonwovens by Cone Calorimeter. Ignition parameter, heat release parameters, smoke and toxicity parameters and mass loss parameters of the fabric were obtained from it. It was found that ignition time is 38 s; the peak of heat release rate is 65 kW/m2; total heat release is 7 MJ/m2; smoke release rate is 1.5 L/s; smoke factor is 1.3 MW/m2 and mass lose rate is 73.3%. Therefore the results show that PI needle punched nonwovens has excellent fire-resistance performance.

scholarly journals TESTING OF NATURAL INSULATION MATERIALS USING A CONICAL CALORIMETER

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Michael Horváthová ◽  
Linda Makovická Osvaldová
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Wide Range

This paper examines three types of natural insulation materials, such as fiberboard, hemp and straw, from the point of view of fire safety. Cellulose-based materials allow a wide range of applications when used for insulation and weatherproofing of buildings, in particular floors, roofs, ceilings, attics, sound barriers, etc. The use of these materials is increasing in ecological constructions as well as for weatherproofing wood-based structures. In terms of fire safety requirements, the question is: Which insulating material is the safest in terms of fire propagation? The article focuses on natural products used as external insulation systems which are covered by a facade plaster. Each type of insulation is briefly described in terms of its composition, use, and production process. We describe the process of preparation of samples as well as the testing and measurement procedures. Three tests were carried out for each type of material. For a more objective evaluation, results were averaged. The results of the cone calorimeter were used to obtain data for comparison. The aim is to clarify the behavior of the natural insulating material with regard to the heat release rate, ignition time, burning duration, and maximum heat release rate. These are the essential parameters for comparison. The values were compared to determine the safest material from the point of view of fire safety.

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