Pendulum Animal Impact Testing

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Forrest ◽  
John Paul Sodusta ◽  
Brian Herbst ◽  
Steven E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Test Vehicle ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Pendulum Test ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Roof Deformation

When vehicles collide with large animals, such as cattle, moose, elk or horses, the front seat occupants can be seriously or fatally injured; primarily due to roof deformation. In order to protect the front occupants in these accidents, it is necessary to understand the forces and energy involved in the interaction between the animal and the vehicle roof structure. The authors have developed a pendulum test incorporating an animal dummy to generate similar roof deformation to that experienced in real world animal impact accidents. The energy absorbed by the vehicle roof structure in the accident can then be determined by comparing the accident vehicle roof deformation to the pendulum test vehicle roof deformation. Ultimately, alternative roof structural designs are evaluated to demonstrate that a roof can perform well in this type of accident mode and reduce the risk for serious injuries to the occupants.

Occupant Injuries and Roof Strength in Rollover Crashes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Grzebieta ◽  
David Young ◽  
Andrew McIntosh ◽  
Michael Bambach
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Value ◽  
Lateral Velocity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Occupant Injuries ◽  
Roof Strength ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Roof Deformation

This paper shows how a mathematical relationship can be derived linking serious neck injuries to excessive roof deformation and that this relationship depends on the vehicle’s Centre of Gravity (COG) lateral velocity at the moment of touchdown of the vehicle’s roof structure. The relationships have been greatly simplified for an idealized condition to facilitate derivation of the equations. In the case of a very strong roof, occupant neck loading resulting from torso augmentation reaches a threshold value that depends on the coefficient of friction between the road surface and the vehicle’s steel body or tires and the height the vehicle’s COG drops during a quarter turn impact sequence.

Examining Correlation and Trends in Seatbelt Use among Occupants of the Same Vehicle using a Bivariate Probit Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199548
Author(s):  
Meghna Chakraborty ◽  
Harprinderjot Singh ◽  
Peter T. Savolainen ◽  
Timothy J. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Probit Models ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Functional Classes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Serious Injuries

Research has consistently demonstrated that seatbelt use is critically important in reducing the likelihood of fatal and serious injuries resulting from traffic crashes. However, after years of nationwide increases in seatbelt use, these rates have largely plateaued, motivating the need for research to better understand those circumstances under which seatbelt use remains relatively low. At an aggregate level, research has shown that occupants in the same vehicle tend to exhibit correlation in seatbelt use or non-use. This suggests that social dynamics may play a role in occupants’ decisions as to whether or not to wear a seatbelt. To that end, this study examines trends in seatbelt use among pairs of drivers and front-seat passengers using data from direct observation roadside surveys. Bivariate probit models are estimated to examine the relationship between seatbelt use and various demographic, vehicle, and site-specific factors. The bivariate framework is also able to account for correlation among important unobserved factors associated with seatbelt use. The results show significantly better fit as compared with independent univariate probit models. The results also suggest both direct and indirect relationships between seatbelt use and various demographic, vehicle, and site characteristics. Seatbelt use rates are found to vary based on occupants’ age, gender, and race. Furthermore, seatbelt use by both the driver and front-seat passenger is also shown to vary based on the other occupant’s age. Heterogeneity is also shown across various geographic regions and roadway functional classes.

scholarly journals Predicting defaunation: accurately mapping bushmeat hunting pressure over large areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192677
Author(s):  
Mairin C. M. Deith ◽  
Jedediah F. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Habitat Features ◽  
Wild Meat ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Human Foraging ◽  
Foraging Movements ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Unsustainable hunting is emptying forests of large animals around the world, but current understanding of how human foraging spreads across landscapes has been stymied by data deficiencies and cryptic hunter behaviour. Unlike other global threats to biodiversity like deforestation, climate change and overfishing, maps of wild meat hunters' movements—often based on forest accessibility—typically cover small scales and are rarely validated with real-world observations. Using camera trapping data from rainforests across Malaysian Borneo, we show that while hunter movements are strongly correlated with the accessibility of different parts of the landscape, accessibility measures are most informative when they integrate fine-scale habitat features like topography and land cover. Measures of accessibility naive to fine-scale habitat complexity, like distance to the nearest road or settlement, generate poor approximations of hunters’ movements. In comparison, accessibility as measured by high-resolution movement models based on circuit theory provides vastly better reflections of real-world foraging movements. Our results highlight that simple models incorporating fine-scale landscape heterogeneity can be powerful tools for understanding and predicting widespread threats to biodiversity.

Designing Roof Structures for Real-World Rollovers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Herbst ◽  
Steven Meyer ◽  
Lauren Bell ◽  
Jack Bish ◽  
Christopher Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fe Simulation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Fea Model ◽  
Weight Penalty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Rollover Crash ◽  
Utility Vehicle

This paper presents a real world rollover accident involving a common make and model sport utility vehicle, or SUV, analyzed using a well-validated, publicly available finite element analysis, or FEA, model of the same vehicle. The FEA model was utilized to evaluate the loading conditions of a real-world rollover accident that had previously been reconstructed using standard engineering techniques. Iteration of the conditions of the finite element, or FE, simulation to match the damage observed in the subject vehicle provided a quantification of the rollover crash loading. Once the damage pattern of the real world accident was achieved in the FE simulation, reinforcement techniques utilizing changes to the material properties and thicknesses of selected roof structure components were used to represent a re-designed roof. The re-designed roof improved intrusion resistance by more than 80% with a minimal weight penalty.

scholarly journals Impact testing of snowboarding wrist protectors

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712110547
Author(s):  
Caroline Adams ◽  
Tom Allen ◽  
Terry Senior ◽  
David James ◽  
Nick Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Wrist Extension ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Pendulum Test ◽  
The Impact

The wrist is a common injury site for snowboarders who often fall onto an outstretched hand. Wrist protectors are worn by some snowboarders to prevent wrist injuries by attenuating impact forces and limiting wrist extension. This paper presents a bespoke pendulum test device for impacting wrist protectors when fitted to a wrist surrogate. The rig can replicate injury risk scenarios, while measuring temporal forces and wrist extension angles. Results from testing 12 snowboarding wrist protectors are presented, including differences in peak vertical force, the time to reach this peak, and energy absorption between products. When compared to an unprotected surrogate, all 12 products lowered the peak force by at least 24% and increased the time to reach this peak by at least 1.8 times. Due to the severity of the load case employed, none of the products lowered the impact force below 2.8 kN, which is the value presented in the literature to fracture a cadaveric wrist. The developed rig could be used to support the development of new wrist protectors, as well as the development of finite element models for predicting wrist protector performance.

Three-Dimensional Woven Composite Materials for Impact Protection: Application to Soccer Shin Guards

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Francisco ◽  
Jeffrey C. Leung ◽  
Franklin T. Moutos ◽  
Farshid Guilak
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Significant Protection ◽  
Woven Composite ◽  
Tibia Fractures ◽  
Compliant Material ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Fracture Tolerance ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Soccer shin guards have been shown to provide significant protection against minor injuries such as scrapes and contusions. However, several studies suggest that serious injuries such as tibia fractures may still occur despite the use of shin guards [1]. The majority (79%) of such fractures are minimally displaced, suggesting that the injuring impacts are slightly above the fracture tolerance of bone [1]. In this respect, shin guards with improved impact properties may be able to decrease the risk of serious injuries in soccer. Impact testing of shin guards has shown that some designs and materials provide better protection than others [2]. Generally, a shin guard reduces impact by using a stiff shell over which to distribute the impact and a compliant material that absorbs impact energy. Unfortunately, the protective physical characteristics of guards correlate best with increased weight and thickness, factors that conflict with players’ preferences for lighter, more comfortable guards.

Simulated Tests of Large Animal Impacts

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Herbst ◽  
Stephen Forrest ◽  
Steven E. Meyer ◽  
Davis Hock
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Occupant Protection ◽  
Large Animals

Abstract Front seat occupants can be catastrophically injured in vehicle collisions with large animals such as elk, cattle or moose. This paper will discuss general injury patterns observed in these impacts, as well as the general vehicle motions and interactions with the animals. Some manufacturers (i.e. Saab and Volvo) have developed tests and incorporated design considerations to deal with this injury threat. Primary failure modes will be identified from field research and discussed. Quasi-static test procedures will be documented. Additionally, insights gained from the failure modes in both field accidents and test vehicles were used to modify vehicles with simple alterations. The vehicles were then tested using the quasi-static procedure and demonstrated significant improvements in occupant protection and roof crush resistance.

Replications can cause distorted belief in scientific progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Science

AbstractIf we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.

Preparation of integrated circuits for TEM electromigration in situ studies

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 882-883
Author(s):  
J. V. Maskowitz ◽  
W. E. Rhoden ◽  
D. R. Kitchen ◽  
R. E. Omlor ◽  
P. F. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Crystallographic Orientation ◽  
Silicon Wafers ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Test Vehicle ◽  
In Situ Studies ◽  
Boron Doped ◽  
Doped Silicon ◽  
Drill Holes

The fabrication of the aluminum bridge test vehicle for use in the crystallographic studies of electromigration involves several photolithographic processes, some common, while others quite unique. It is most important to start with a clean wafer of known orientation. The wafers used are 7 mil thick boron doped silicon. The diameter of the wafer is 1.5 inches with a resistivity of 10-20 ohm-cm. The crystallographic orientation is (111).Initial attempts were made to both drill and laser holes in the silicon wafers then back fill with photoresist or mounting wax. A diamond tipped dentist burr was used to successfully drill holes in the wafer. This proved unacceptable in that the perimeter of the hole was cracked and chipped. Additionally, the minimum size hole realizable was > 300 μm. The drilled holes could not be arrayed on the wafer to any extent because the wafer would not stand up to the stress of multiple drilling.

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