Fluidized Bed Air Gasification Using Low Heating Value Sand-Bedded Dairy Manure and Sludge Pellets

Solid manure handling is a major environmental issue confronting animal facilities in the United States. One difficulty in using dairy manure as a fuel source is the presence of sand bedding used for lactating dairy cows. More than 30% of dairy farms use sand beds for a dry and clean environment that prevents bacterial growth [1]. In this study, dairy animal manure obtained directly from waste lagoons was used for the air gasification process. The manure was dried to reduce the moisture down to 5% and a sand separating system was designed to remove some sand bedding materials. Preliminary air gasification experiments showed that the direct use of dairy manure containing 75% ash content, that reflect high sand content, reduced the temperature of the reactor. The study is also aimed at handling unprocessed dairy manure and generating electric power for the on-site use. A high heating value manure is needed to run the gasifier and the produced synthesis gas (or syngas) is fed to an engine coupled with a generator. Some dairy manure gasification work were done using fresh dairy manure. The highest heating value from the dairy manure biomass was found to be 4.5MJ/kg in a fixed-bed gasifier [2]. Another gasification study using a fluidized-bed reactor could produce syngas heating value as high as 4.7MJ/m3 from dairy manure [3]. A bench-scale fluidized bed containing a 3-inch diameter reactor tube with a cyclone and a scrubber was used to gasify dairy manure using air at different temperatures. The sand separated dairy manure used in this study contained approximately 45% ash content. The maximum heating value of the synthesis gas was 3.8MJ/m3 at an operating temperature of 750°C. The syngas will need to be upgraded. To upgrade the synthesis gas heating value, sludge pellets of 18.7MJ/kg were mixed with the dairy manure in different ratios of 10% and 30%. The syngas heating values from mixed manure with sludge pellet were increased to 5MJ/m3 with 10% sludge, and 5.7MJ/m3 with 30% sludge. The sludge used has higher heating value resulting in higher gas HV. The cold gasification efficiency was achieved as high as 36±5% with dairy manure mixed with sludge pellet. At a higher operating temperature, higher efficiency was obtained with increased gas composition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This syngas may then be used for power generation as well as possible input gas for the Fisher Tropsch process for liquid biofuel production. The result of the experiments will be a cornerstone for the widespread application of low heating value animal waste for producing high heating value syngas that may be used for electric power generation as a result of various upgrading processes.

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CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BIOMASSAS PARA A BRIQUETAGEM

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v45i4.39700 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 713 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Diego Aleixo Silva ◽

Gabriela Tami Nakashima ◽

João Lúcio Barros ◽

Alessandra Luzia Da Roz ◽

Fabio Minoru Yamaji

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Ash Content ◽

Heating Value ◽

Pine Sawdust ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Sugarcane Straw ◽

High Heating

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a produção de briquetes feita a partir de quatro diferentes biomassas residuais. Foram utilizados os resíduos de serragem de Eucalyptus sp, serragem de Pinus sp, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) e palha de cana-de-açúcar. Os resíduos foram tratados para que obtivessem 12% de umidade e uma granulometria inferior a 1,70 mm. Foram produzidos 15 briquetes para cada um dos quatro tratamentos. A pressão utilizada foi de 1250 kgf.cm-2 durante 30 segundos. Os briquetes obtiveram densidades que oscilaram 0,88 a 1,11 g.cm-3. Isto representou uma faixa de 5 a 14 vezes a menos de ocupação de volume para uma mesma quantidade de massa. O poder calorifico foi de 19.180 J.kg-1 e 20.315 J.kg-1 para as serragens de eucalipto e pinus respectivamente. Para o bagaço e palha de cana os valores foram de 18.541 J.kg-1 e 15.628 J.kg-1. A palha da cana-de-açúcar apresentou um teor de cinzas de 12%. As expansões dos tratamentos oscilaram 4 a 9% e as resistências mecânicas variaram de 1,215 MPa à 0,270 MPa. Todos os briquetes se mostraram resistentes para um empilhamento superior a 10 m de altura. O procedimento adotado pode ajudar a diminuir o espaço de estocagem e de transporte. AbstractThis research aims to characterize the production of briquettes from four different biomasses. We used residues such as Eucalyptus sp sawdust, Pinus sp sawdust , sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.) and sugarcane straw. The residues were treated to obtain 12% moisture content and particle size less than 1.70 mm. We produced 15 briquettes for each treatment. The pressure used was 1250 kgf.cm-2 for 30 seconds. The briquettes obtained densities ranged from 0.88 to 1.11 g.cm-3. This represented a range of 5 to 14 times less volume occupancy for the same amount of mass. The high heating value (HHV) was 19,180 J.kg-1 and 20,315 J.kg-1 for eucalyptus and pine sawdust respectively. The HHV for the bagasse was 18,541 J.kg-1 and for straw was 15,628 J.kg-1. The straw presented an ash content of 12%. The expansions of the treatments ranged 4 to 9% and mechanical resistances ranging from 1,215 MPa to 0,270 MPa. All briquettes were resistant to a higher stacking to 10 m high. The methods can help to decrease the space of storage and transport.Keywords: Waste; biofuel; energy; compression; stacking.

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The Effects of Heterogeneous Reactions on the Reduction of NO in Petroleum-Coke-Fired Fluidized Beds

18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽

10.1115/fbc2005-78085 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chun-Lin Zhang ◽

De-Chang Liu ◽

Han-Ping Chen

Keyword(s):

Fluidized Bed ◽

Petroleum Coke ◽

Fluidized Beds ◽

Heterogeneous Reactions ◽

Heating Value ◽

Reduction Of No ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Sulfur Content ◽

High Heating

Because of high heating value, low volatile, high nitrogen content and high sulfur content, some kinds of petroleum coke are only suitable for use as fuel, especially combusted in fluidized beds. Based on experiments in a 1t/h fluidized bed, we found that lots of NO and N2O were emitted, and they reached to 780ppm and 150ppm respectively. By analyzing the contributions of char-N and volatile-N to the formation of NO and N2O, we also found it was more important to control the combustion of char to reduce the emission of NO and N2O. This paper tried to find a denitrification agent that could work as desulfuration agent in fluidized beds. We chose Fe as the denitrification agent. The influence of iron on the reduction of NO was studied on. The effects of petroleum-coke char, CO and limestone on the reaction of iron and NO were investigated in a bench scale fluidized bed. Quantitative Fe and petroleum coke char were added into a quartz sand bed respectively, the conversions of NO between these conditions were compared with. The results showed that the ability of Fe to reduce NO was much stronger than the char, and the conversion of NO almost reached to 100%. After minutes that depended on the amount of Fe, Fe was oxidized to oxide of Fe, and the conversion of NO decreased. Petroleum coke char could deoxidize the oxide of Fe. Fe that mixed with petroleum coke char could apparently increase the reaction time of Fe and NO. CO was also a reductive agent of the oxide of Fe, but the effect was not strong as char. Limestone little increased the conversion of NO. From the experiments, we suggested that iron or its oxides would be a possible denitrification agent to reduce NO in fluidized beds in situ.

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Empowerment of Farming Communities through the Utilization of Waste Rice Husk as Briquettes Based Home Industry [Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Tani melalui Pemanfaatan Limbah Sekam Padi sebagai Industri Rumahan Berbasis Briket]

Proceeding of Community Development ◽

10.30874/comdev.2018.267 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 595

Author(s):

Suritno Fayanto ◽

S. Sulwan ◽

Dwi Sulisworo ◽

Vivi Hastuti Rufa Mongkito ◽

H. Hunaidah

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Manufacturing Process ◽

Ash Content ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Heating Value ◽

Farming Communities ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating ◽

High Bulk Density ◽

High Bulk

This article proposes to explain how the use of rice husk waste as home industry based briquettes. The making of briquettes from rice husk consists of two ways, specifically with the help of a heater and without a heater. To optimize its manufacture and not require much energy, briquettes from rice husk are quite made without using tools in the process of making briquettes, usually preceded by carbonation. The high element content of rice husk that does rice husk has enormous potential if it is processed into briquettes. Some of the elements contained in rice husks are carbon, silica hydrogen, protein, fat, with very low water content and ash content, a relatively high bulk density of 125 kg / m3 and a high heating value of 1,300 kkal. In addition to the abundant rice husk, the manufacturing process is easy and practical so that it has the potential to be developed in the form of a home industry

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Characteristics of coconut frond as a potential feedstock for biochar via slow pyrolysis

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 408-413

Author(s):

Nur Syairah Mohamad Aziz ◽

Adilah Shariff ◽

Nurhayati Abdullah ◽

Nurhidayah Mohamed Noor

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Slow Pyrolysis ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Bio Oil ◽

High Heating

The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of coconut frond as a feedstock for biochar production via slow pyrolysis process. Proximate, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to evaluate the chemical and thermal properties of the coconut frond. The percentage of its lignocellulosic component and high heating value were determined. Surface morphology of coconut frond was examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Coconut frond (CF) contains 78.03±3.91 d.b. wt% of volatile matter, 4.96±0.07 d.b. wt% of ash content and 17.01±3.86 d.b. wt% of fixed carbon. Elemental analysis revealed a sulfur content of 0.94±0.12 %, while the percentage of nitrogen is 0.46±0.33%. The composition of carbon and hydrogen are 34.0±6.22 % and 7.71±0.34 % respectively. The high heating value of CF is 17.77±0.40 MJ/kg. CF consists of 43.91±1.80 % cellulose, 31.58±1.20 % hemicellulose, and 18.15±0.60 % lignin. From thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, it is apparent that the weight loss of CF occurred prominently in the temperature range 200°C - 400°C. The peaks of the DTG curve at 281.75±0.35 °C and 334.08±0.35°C indicate the weight loss of coconut frond sample due to the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively. The FESEM images of CF show its fibrous strands are compact with a few large pores with diameters around 42.5 - 48.1 μm large pores in the center of the CF sample. The results of the analysis show that CF has a potential as a feedstock for biochar production via slow pyrolysis. CF also can be used in other application such as syngas and bio-oil production due to the low lignin percentage and high volatile percentage.

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Assessment of Renewable Alternatives to Coal, Based on Their High Heating Value and Global Warming Potential

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-v4-i3-003 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

V. Dhivakhar ◽

Maju Varghese ◽

Keerthi M. S. ◽

S. Kaviya

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Power Plants ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Thermal Power Plants ◽

Major Contributor ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Green House Gas ◽

High Heating

About 40% of the Global Electricity produced is fuelled by coal. Although Coal has various advantages like good High Heating Value, easy availability etc., it also has various disadvantages. Green House Gas Released from Coal Thermal Power Plants is the single major contributor to Global warming. Coal is also nonrenewable. Hence it is important to analyze the viability of potential alternatives and reduce the usage of coal. In this assessment, various potential replacements of coal have been analyzed based on their High heating value (HHV) and their Global Warming Potential. The Global warming Potential (GWP) of the assessed fuels have been calculated by the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Factor method. Hence a direct comparison between Coal and other replacements based on their HHV and GWP has been performed.

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Potensi Penerapan Energi Terbarukan Sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Kemandirian Desa: Studi Kasus Desa Lendang Nangka Lombok Timur

Energi & Kelistrikan ◽

10.33322/energi.v13i1.868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Shafwan Amrullah

Keyword(s):

Air Flow ◽

Heating Value ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating

Desa saat ini didorong menjadi desa mandiri, baik dalam bidang energi maupun ekonomi dengan mengimplementasikan energi terbarukan untuk meningkatkan kemandirian energi sebagai salah satu langkah meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi penggunaan energi terbarukan seperti Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Bayu (PLTB), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS), Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), dan Konversi Energi Gasifikasi di desa Lendang Nangka, Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data baik dari BMKG dan pengujian secara langsung menggunakan alat Air Flow Anemometer GM8902 untuk mengetahui kecepatan angin dan DIGITAL TECHNOMETER LX-1010B untuk mengetahui intensitas cahaya matahari. Selain itu dilakukan wawancara kepada pengusaha kecil dan menengah untuk mengetahui penggunaan energi dalam menyokong proses produksinya. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi PLTB yang dapat diemplementasikan adalah PLTB sekala kecil dengan daya sekitar 23,4-632,88 kWh/turbin. Untuk potensi PLTS menghasilkan daya sebesar 410-566 kWh per meter persegi panel surya. Untuk potensi PLTA, turbin yang cocok adalah turbin ukuran kecil dengan potensi daya sekitar 0,3024-2,2194 kWh. Sedangkan untuk potensi penggunaan converter energi jenis gasifikasi dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar tidak terbarukan sekaligus menghemat biaya porduksi. Sebab, nilai High Heating Value gas sintetik yang dihasilkan 1,7 kali lebih besar daripada pembakaran langsung dengan kayu.

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Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Using Pyrolysis: Palestine as Case of Study

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13071817 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1817 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ramez Abdallah ◽

Adel Juaidi ◽

Mahmoud Assad ◽

Tareq Salameh ◽

Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro

Keyword(s):

Carbon Black ◽

West Bank ◽

The Other ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Heating Value ◽

Waste Tires ◽

High Heating Value ◽

High Heating

The first industrial-scale pyrolysis plant for solid tire wastes has been installed in Jenin, northern of the West Bank in Palestine, to dispose of the enormous solid tire wastes in the north of West Bank. The disposable process is an environmentally friendly process and it converts tires into useful products, which could reduce the fuel crisis in Palestine. The gravimetric analysis of tire waste pyrolysis products from the pyrolysis plant working at the optimum conditions is: tire pyrolysis oil (TPO): 45%, pyrolysis carbon black (PCB): 35%, pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas): 10% and steel wire: 10%. These results are depending on the tire type and size. It has been found that the produced pyrolysis oil has a High Heating Value (HHV), with a range of 42 − 43 ( MJ / kg ) , which could make it useful as a replacement for conventional liquid fuels. The main disadvantage of using the TPO as fuel is its strong acrid smell and its low flash point, as compared with the other conventional liquid fuels. The produced pyrolysis carbon black also has a High Heating Value (HHV) of about 29 (MJ/kg), which could also encourage its usage as a solid fuel. Carbon black could also be used as activated carbon, printers’ ink, etc. The pyrolysis gas (Pyro-Gas) obtained from waste tires mainly consist of light hydrocarbons. The concentration of H2 has a range of 30% to 40% in volume and it has a high calorific value (approximately 31 MJ / m 3 ), which can meet the process requirement of energy. On the other hand, it is necessary to clean gas before the burning process to remove H2S from Pyro-Gas, and hence, reduce the acid rain problem. However, for the current plant, some recommendations should be followed for more comfortable operation and safer environment work conditions.

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Experimental analysis of waste tyres as a sustainable source of energy

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201910000012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 100 ◽

pp. 00012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dina Czajczyńska ◽

Krzysztof M. Czajka ◽

Renata Krzyżyńska ◽

Hussam Jouhara

Keyword(s):

Automobile Industry ◽

Operating Temperature ◽

Huge Amount ◽

Heating Value ◽

Tg Analysis ◽

Global Issues ◽

High Heating Value ◽

Waste Tyres ◽

Important Challenge ◽

The Stability

Nowadays, the stability of energy supply that additionally should be sustainable is one of the most important global issues. Thus, many new potential energy sources are being investigated. Since automobile industry is growing, a huge amount of waste tyres (WT) occur each year. Pyrolysis of scrap tyres can be considered as a sustainable way to recover significant amounts of energy as well as the valuable materials. Potential of waste tyres in the energy sector is studied in this work. Proximate, ultimate and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of mechanically grounded WT sample was done. Waste tyres feature high heating value combined with carbon content as high as 87.90 % (on dry ash-free basis). Additionally, TG analysis allows to choose optimal operating temperature for pyrolysis process which is between 350 and 500°C. However, the sulphur content is also relatively high – around 2 wt.% - and it is the most important challenge for utilizing this waste in a thermochemical way.

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