The Combined Effects of Impact Direction and Impact Location on Serious-to-Maximum Injuries Among Drivers in Motor Vehicle Frontal Crashes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyu Li ◽  
Chunsheng Ma ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Longli Shi ◽  
Jinhuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Impact Location ◽  
Logistic Regressions

This paper investigates the combined effects of specific impact direction and impact location on the serious-to-maximum (AIS3–6) thoracic injuries of drivers in frontal impacts based on the 1995–2009 data from the United States Department of Transportation (US DOT) National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS). The selected sample is limited to three impact locations near the driver side (distributed, offset and corner) and two impact directions (pure frontal and oblique) treated as the frontal direction, resulting in a total of six crash configurations. The risks of thoracic injury for drivers in all frontal crash configurations are evaluated. The relative risks with 95% confidence intervals are calculated. Binary logistic regressions are fitted to the datasets for further examination of the effects of impact direction and impact location on the serious-to-maximum thoracic injuries. Occupant characteristics and crash severity are also included as explanatory variables. Overall, impact location and impact direction have considerable influences on thoracic injury pattern and severity for drivers. For distributed and corner deformation, oblique loading is approximately 3 times more likely to lead to thoracic injures than pure frontal loading. Conversely, the relative risk is 3.44 for offset deformation, which indicates that, for this impact location, frontal impact is more associated thoracic injuries compared to oblique impact. The effects of impact location and impact direction on serious-to-maximum injuries for three types of anatomical structures (organ, skeletal and vessel) are assessed as well. In addition to crash related variables (impact location and impact direction), results of the binary logistic regressions also indicate that crash severity (OR, 7.67–81.35) and occupant characteristics, including age (OR, 4.80–20.83), gender (OR, 1.16) and BMI (OR, 1.81), significantly affect the risks of thoracic injuries in frontal motor vehicle collisions.

Finite Element Based Injury Metrics for Pulmonary Contusion From Vehicle to Vehicle Crash Simulations

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry A. Danelson ◽  
Joel D. Stitzel
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pulmonary Contusion ◽  
Volumetric Measurement ◽  
Abbreviated Injury Scale ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Injured Lung

Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVCs) are a public health problem in the United States. In 2009, 33,808 Americans were killed in a MVC and 2.22 million more were injured.4 Pulmonary contusion (PC) is a common injury following MVC with over 38% of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ thoracic injuries identified as some form of PC in a recent National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) study.5 Miller et al. correlated the percent injured lung to the possibility of developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The results indicated that if 20% of the lung was injured, the incidence of ARDS sharply increased with seventy-eight percent of those patients developing ARDS.2 The significance of these findings is that the volumetric measurement of PC can predict possible clinical outcomes.

Thoracic Injuries in Cats with Traumatic Fractures

1994 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Walter ◽  
L. J. Wallace ◽  
Dominique Griffon
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Thoracic Trauma ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Thoracic Wall ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Vehicle Accident

SummaryThe medical records of 93 cats with traumatic fractures were examined to study the pattern of thoracic trauma and establish a possible relationship between specific patterns of skeletal trauma and the prevalence of thoracic wall and pulmonary injury. Radiographic evidence of thoracic trauma was identified in 38.7% of these cats. Cats with fractures cranial to T13 were significantly more likely to sustain thoracic trauma (58%) compared to those suffering a fracture caudal to LI (25%). Cats involved in motor vehicle accident were more likely to have radiographic evidence of thoracic trauma (52%) compared to those injured by other means (22%). Forty percent of cats with radio-graphic evidence of thoracic injury did not show any clinical sign.In a retrospective survey of 93 cats admitted for evaluation of traumatic fractures, 36 cats (38.7%) had radiographic evidence of thoracic trauma. The most common thoracic injuries were lung contusion (66.6%) and pneumothorax (36%). Forty percent of the cats, with radiographic abnormalities, did not show clinical signs suggestive of thoracic injury.

scholarly journals First rib fractures as indicators of serious intra and extra-thoracic injury in polytrauma and their impact on the morbidity and mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1056
Author(s):  
Majed Al-Mourgi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Rib Fractures ◽  
Rib Fracture ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Pulmonary Contusion ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
First Rib

Background: First-rib fractures are relatively rare compared with fractures of other ribs because of the broad structure deeply placed and protected location of the first rib. A high amount of energy is needed to cause a first-rib fracture; violent trauma, such as that involving motor vehicle accident, is a frequent cause of these fractures, as well as other serious intra-thoracic, head, cervical spine, and intra-abdominal injuries. First-rib fractures have traditionally been considered indicators of increased injury severity and mortality in major trauma patients. The aim was to study the significance of first-rib fractures as indicators of serious intra-thoracic and extra-thoracic injury in polytrauma and their impact on the morbidity and mortality in a high-altitude area in Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital (KASH), Taif City, KSA. Patients with chest injuries who presented to the emergency department and were admitted to the hospital between November 2013 and March 2016 were included in the study. Data regarding first-rib fracture were collected, and the relationship between first-rib injuries and associated intra-thoracic and extra-thoracic injuries was analyzed.Results: There was a high incidence of first-rib fracture (23.45%), and 35.8% were bilateral. The most common associated chest injury was a pulmonary contusion (58.5%), followed by pneumothorax (32.1%), hemopneumothorax (20.7%), and surgical emphysema (20.7%). The most common associated extra-thoracic injuries in our study were skeletal injuries (47.4%), cervical spine injuries (11.3%), and head trauma (24.5%).Conclusions: Fractures of the first-rib are associated with serious thoracic and extra-thoracic injuries; they are associated only with increased morbidity in patients with polytrauma and have no independent impact on mortality.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Unifying Calibration Parameters for Dielectric Moisture Meter

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Mészáros ◽  
David B. Funk
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Temperature Correction ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Correction Coefficient ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
University Of Budapest ◽  
Improved Accuracy

The Unified Grain Moisture Algorithm is capable of improved accuracy and allows the combination of many grain types into a single “unified calibration”. The purposes of this research were to establish processes for determining unifying parameters from the chemical and physical properties of grains. The data used in this research were obtained as part of the United States Department of Agriculture-Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration's Annual Moisture Calibration Study. More than 5,000 grain samples were tested with a Hewlett-Packard 4291A Material/Impedance Analyzer. Temperature tests were done with a Very High Frequency prototype system at Corvinus University of Budapest. Typical chemical and physical parameters for each of the major grain types were obtained from the literature. Data were analyzed by multivariate chemometric methods. One of the most important unifying parameters (Slope) and the temperature correction coefficient were successfully modeled. The Offset and Translation unifying parameters were not modeled successfully, but these parameters can be estimated relatively easily through limited grain tests.

Photovoltaics in the United States Department of Defense

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hoelscher ◽  
R. Ducey ◽  
G. D. Smith ◽  
L. W. Strother ◽  
C. Combs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
States Department
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