Smart PIG “Fingerprint” Inspections Can Lead to Fitness for Purpose Assessments and Contractual Disputes

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Palmer-Jones ◽  
Phil Hopkins ◽  
Popi Nafis ◽  
Gordon Wintle
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

A recent ‘fingerprint’ smart pigging inspection recorded over 40,000 metal loss (corrosion) features in a 57km 42” diameter, dry gas pipeline supplying a major LNG facility in Indonesia. The pipeline had been in operation for less than 6 months. Assessment of these results by the inspection company identified 10 sections of pipe that required repair according to ASME B31.G, indicating that the pipeline was not ‘fit for purpose’. The pipeline operator immediately cut out these 10 sections to ensure the continued safe operation of the new pipeline. A detailed pipeline corrosion study subsequently identified the features as corrosion that had occurred during transport and storage of the line pipe. In addition, the corrosion was found to be less severe than initially thought and the same work assessed the remaining defects and, calculations using DNV Guideline RP F101, showed that the features were all acceptable. It was concluded that the high sensitivity of the smart pigging tool, combined with the failure to identify the cause of the features and the simple initial feature assessment overestimated the significance of the corrosion defects. This demonstrates the need for good care and inspection of line pipe during transport storage and construction. It also highlights the need to conduct engineering assessments to determine the inspection philosophy and to quantify the ‘workmanship’ level of metal loss features acceptable on a fingerprint run, before the run takes place. Otherwise new pipelines containing ‘custom and practice’ defects could be the subject of lengthy and costly disputes between operator and constructor. This paper proposes a method for assessing baseline survey data that provides an acceptance level for pre-existing defects. This methodology will assist operators in assessing smart pigging data from new pipelines.

Pipeline Corrosion Growth Modeling for In-Line Inspection Data Using a Population-Based Approach

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus R. Dann ◽  
Marc A. Maes ◽  
Mamdouh M. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Process ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

To manage the integrity of corroded pipelines reliable estimates of the current and future corrosion growth process are required. They are often obtained from in-line inspection data by matching defects from two or more inspections and determining corrosion growth rates from the observed growth paths. In practice only a (small) subset of the observed defects are often reliably matched and used in the subsequent corrosion growth analysis. The information from the remaining unmatched defects on the corrosion growth process are typically ignored. Hence, all decisions that depend on the corrosion growth process such as maintenance and repair requirements and re-inspection intervals, are based on the information obtained from the (small) set of matched defects rather than all observed corrosion anomalies. A new probabilistic approach for estimating corrosion growth from in-line inspection data is introduced. It does not depend on defect matching and the associated defect matching uncertainties. The reported defects of an inspection are considered from a population perspective and the corrosion growth is determined from two or more defect populations. The distribution of the reported defect sizes is transformed into the distribution of the actual defect sizes by adjusting it for detectability, false calls, and sizing uncertainties. The obtained distribution is then used to determine the parameters of the assumed gamma-distributed corrosion growth process in order to forecast future metal loss in the pipeline. As defect matching is not required all reported corrosion defects are used in the probabilistic analysis rather than the truncated set of matched defects. A numerical example is provided where two in-line inspections are analyzed.

Assessment of Corrosion Defects in Old, Low Toughness Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Martin ◽  
Robert (Bob) Andrews ◽  
Vinod Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Transition Region ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Transition Curve ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Dependent Failure

Corrosion metal loss in one of the major damage mechanisms to transmission pipelines worldwide. The remaining strength of corroded pipe subjected to internal pressure loading has been extensively researched and guidelines for assessing corrosion are well defined. Methods including ASME B31G, RSTRENG and LPC have been developed, validated and matured to the extent that they are now incorporated in standards and regulatory requirements. However, these methods are based on the assumption that the pipe fails via a ductile mechanism, i.e., the line pipe material has sufficient toughness to prevent a toughness dependent failure. This limits the application of the existing methods to materials that have sufficient toughness. It is possible that some older pipelines operate with the material in the ductile / brittle transition region of the Charpy transition curve, or even on the lower shelf. It is also possible that under fault conditions, a pipeline normally operating on the upper shelf could be temporarily in the transition region. In these circumstances, existing assessment criteria may be non-conservative. At present there are no rigorous criteria available for assessing corrosion defects in low toughness pipe. This paper presents an approach for removing the uncertainty in the use of existing methods for assessing corrosion defects in older, low toughness pipelines based on the Beremin approach to brittle cleavage fracture. Comparison of the Beremin results with existing assessment methods allows an ‘effective transition temperature’ to be defined as the temperature at which the existing method is no longer conservative. The results suggest that, for the corrosion defects investigated, the effective transition temperature is sufficiently low that existing assessment methods will remain conservative.

Innovations in Food Production - Status and Directions of Development

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Barbara Grzybowska
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
New Products ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Product Manufacturing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Storage

This paper characterises the directions of innovative activities undertaken by food industry enterprises concerning the manufacturing of food products. Based on the subject literature and secondary statistical data, the status of food industry innovativeness and areas of innovative activities related to implementation of technological and non-technological innovations are presented. The activities of enterprises focus on manufacturing new products in response to the ever-changing needs and expectations of consumers. In particular, the production of so-called functional food (which seeks to promote health, minimise the risk of specific diseases, improve psychophysical fitness, lose weight, etc.) is increasingly extensive. Manufacturers must also improve the technologies and techniques of product manufacturing, packaging and storage. 

scholarly journals Encapsulated NOLA™ Fit 5500 Lactase—An Economically Beneficial Way to Obtain Lactose-Free Milk at Low Temperature

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czyzewska ◽  
Anna Trusek
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Substrate Diffusion ◽  
Galactose Inhibition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Food Processes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The current requirements of industrial biocatalysis are related to economically beneficial and environmentally friendly processes. Such a strategy engages low-temperature reactions. The presented approach is essential, especially in food processes, where temperature affects the quality and nutritional value foodstuffs. The subject of the study is the hydrolysis of lactose with the commercial lactase NOLA™ Fit 5500 (NOLA). The complete decomposition of lactose into two monosaccharides gives a sweeter product, recommended for lactose intolerant people and those controlling a product’s caloric content. The hydrolysis reaction was performed at 15 °C, which is related to milk transportation and storage temperature. The enzyme showed activity over the entire range of substrate concentrations (up to 55 g/L lactose). For reusability and easy isolation, the enzyme was encapsulated in a sodium alginate network. Its stability allows carrying out six cycles of the complete hydrolysis of lactose to monosaccharides, lasting from two to four hours. During the study, the kinetic description of native and encapsulated NOLA was conducted. As a result, the model of competitive galactose inhibition and glucose mixed influence (competitive inhibition and activation) was proposed. The capsule size does not influence the reaction rate; thus, the substrate diffusion into capsules can be omitted from the process description. The prepared 4 mm capsules are easy to separate between cycles, e.g., using sieves.

Guidelines for Repair Welding of Pressure Equipment in Refinery and Chemical Plants: Part 3—Repair Welding for Specific Materials - Carbon Steel, High Tensile Steel and Cr-Mo Steel

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinzo Kayano ◽  
Masamitsu Abe ◽  
Yukio Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Chemical Plants ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Repair Welding ◽  
Weld Residual Stress ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
And Storage

It has been recognized that repair welding plays an important role in the long term, safe operation of pressure equipment. In 2009, The Japan Welding Society (JWES) published guidelines for repair welding of pressure equipment [1], to meet the great need for the safe operation and proper maintenance of aging plants. Pressure equipments made from carbon steel, high tensile steel and Cr-Mo steels are utilized for high pressure services. The subject equipments are pressure vessels, heat exchangers, piping, and storage tanks for petroleum, petrochemical and liquefied natural gas industry. This paper summarizes category and property of these steels and repair welding method including special attention. Especially, weld cold cracking for these steels could be prevented by controlling the repair welding and post-weld heat treatment process to reduce the hydrogen content, hardness and weld residual stress.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN DATA WAREHOUSING TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveen Kunnathuvalappil Hariharan
Keyword(s):  
Relational Databases ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Long Term Trend

Financial data volumes are increasing, and this appears to be a long-term trend, implying that data managementdevelopment will be crucial over the next few decades. Because financial data is sometimes real-time data, itis constantly generated, resulting in a massive amount of financial data produced in a short period of time.The volume, diversity, and velocity of Big Financial Data are highlighting the significant limitations oftraditional Data Warehouses (DWs). Their rigid relational model, high scalability costs, and sometimesinefficient performance pave the way for new methods and technologies. The majority of the technologiesused in background processing and storage research were previously the subject of research in their earlystages. The Apache Foundation and Google are the two most important initiatives. For dealing with largefinancial data, three techniques outperform relational databases and traditional ETL processing: NoSQL andNewSQL storage, and MapReduce processing.

scholarly journals A dual electro-optical biosensor based on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii immobilised on paper-based nanomodified screen-printed electrodes for herbicide monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Antonacci ◽  
Raouia Attaallah ◽  
Fabiana Arduini ◽  
Aziz Amine ◽  
Maria Teresa Giardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Optical Biosensor ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Screen Printed Electrodes ◽  
And Storage ◽  
High Repeatability ◽  
High Sensitivity Detection ◽  
Screen Printed

Abstract The indiscriminate use of herbicides in agriculture contributes to soil and water pollution, with important endangering consequences on the ecosystems. Among the available analytical systems, algal biosensors have demonstrated to be valid tools thanks to their high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-design. Herein, we report the development of a dual electro-optical biosensor for herbicide monitoring, based on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii whole cells immobilised on paper-based screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon black nanomaterials. To this aim, a systematic study was performed for the selection and characterisation of a collection among 28 different genetic variants of the alga with difference response behaviour towards diverse herbicide classes. Thus, CC125 strain was exploited as case study for the study of the analytical parameters. The biosensor was tested in standard solutions and real samples, providing high sensitivity (detection limit in the pico/nanomolar), high repeatability (RSD of 5% with n = 100), long lasting working (10 h) and storage stability (3 weeks), any interference in the presence of heavy metals and insecticides, and low matrix effect in drinking water and moderate effect in surface one.

An Evaluation of Holograms as Training and Job Aids

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan H. Frey ◽  
Edwin S. Eichert
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Assembly Time ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Job Aids ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Assembly Tasks ◽  
And Storage

This study was concerned with an evaluation of holography in training and for job aids. Experimentation comparing holograms, line drawings, and photographs as methods of presenting visual information is reported. It appears that with the tasks used, holograms generally are as good as or better visual aids than either photographs or line drawings. The use of holograms tends to reduce errors rather than speed assembly time in assembly tasks. They also seem to enhance the discovery of errors when the subject is attempting to locate assembly errors in a construction. The results of this experimentation suggest that serious consideration should be given to the use of holography in the development of job aids and in training. Applications in technical documentation and storage relevant to the use of holograms as job aids are also considered.

scholarly journals Arrangement and safe operation of auto-roads on a construction site

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
Ivan Doroshin ◽  
Boris Zhadanovskiy ◽  
Ruben Kazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Investigation ◽  
Working Out

Traditional and innovative ways of constructing temporary roads at a construction site are considered. The basic principles of the preparation of construction operations are given, which should be taken into account at this stage. Particular attention is paid to the preparation of the construction of the facility and preparation for the construction and installation works. The organization of designing construction roads, temporary and permanent, is considered. Methods for determining the parameters of construction roads are described. The main technical indicators of construction roads are given. Dangerous areas of the roads are indicated. The main purpose of the research is to generalize and systematize the modern ways of arrangement and operation of auto-roads on a construction site. For carrying out of the study the methodical and scientific literature on the subject was analyzed, and also the statistic methods of data investigation were used. The main results of the research is the accomplishment of estimation of expenses on arrangement of auto-roads, the indication of order of working out of design of the auto-roads, also the indication of necessity of use of permanent roads as temporary. The design of temporary and permanent construction roads is very important because of their greater use in comparison with railway transport and a great influence on the supply of construction materials.

Assessment of Interacting Corrosion Defects in Thin-Walled Pipes

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Soliman ◽  
Mohammad M. Megahed ◽  
Ch. A. Saleh ◽  
Mostafa Shazly
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Finite Element ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Defect Depth ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Shell Elements ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Interaction Rule

Abstract Corrosion in pipes is usually found in the form of closely spaced defects, which eventually reduce the pipe pressure carrying capacity and piping planned useful life. Codes and standards have been developed to evaluate the effect of such form of metal loss on the piping pressure carrying capacities. However, predictions of such codes are usually conservative, and hence, there is a need to assess their degree of conservatism. The present paper utilizes nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) in estimating pressure carrying capacities of defective pipes, and hence provides an evaluation of codes degree of conservatism. Shell elements with reduced thickness at the corrosion defect are adopted and their accuracy is assessed by comparison with those of solid elements as well as experimental test results. The influence of defects interaction is investigated by considering two neighboring defects in an inclined direction to each other. The influence of inclination angle, inclined proximity distance between the two defects, and the defect depth to wall thickness ratio are investigated. Comparisons were made with predictions of codes of practice in all cases. Code predictions were found to be conservative compared to FEA results. Furthermore, the interaction rule embedded in the codes for checking for interaction leads to inaccurate predictions for closely spaced defects as it does not include the effect of defect depth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document