Methods for Assessing Risks at Above Ground Installations

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Acton ◽  
P. J. Baldwin ◽  
R. P. Cleaver ◽  
D. J. McCollum
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

This paper describes a package of computer models that has been developed to assess the risks from gas releases at above ground installations associated with natural gas transmission pipelines. The package can be applied to compressor stations (containing compressor enclosures and associated gas treatment equipment) and pressure reduction stations, through to single block valve installations. It has been designed for used by safety engineers in performing quantified risk and hazard analysis, as required to meet regulatory requirements, such as the COMAH Regulations or the DSEAR Regulations in the UK. It can also be used in the design stage of projects to support decisions related to site layout for example. The package contains a range of mathematical models to assess the consequences of accidental releases of gas (including outflow, dispersion, gas accumulation, fire, explosion and thermal and overpressure response), validated by data from large and full scale experiments. The individual models are linked in a logical manner constructed around a series of “knowledge bases” that provide a defined structure to allow a wide range of different scenarios to be assessed. The predictions of the consequences arising from various scenarios can be combined with estimates of the frequency of initiating events (based on industry statistics where available, or using predictive models), in risk calculation routines which sum the outcomes for the different scenarios to calculate individual and/or societal risk. To illustrate the use of the techniques, examples of their application are given. In particular, it is shown how the risks arising from releases from high pressure vessels or in confined volumes, such as compressor enclosures, can be evaluated.

Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Dale
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”

Noise and Other Environmental Considerations in the Design and Planning of Gas Compressor Stations in the U.K.

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gas Turbine Compressor ◽  
Alternative Designs

This paper briefly outlines some of the considerations taken into account in the design and planning of gas compressor stations for the UK Natural Gas Transmission System. Environmental considerations, and in particular the aspects of noise, play a large part in the design of these stations. The requirements for silencing to meet very low ambient noise levels and the development of gas turbine compressor unit enclosures is dealt with in some detail. The need for acoustically efficient and aesthetically pleasing structures is emphasized. The paper compares some representative alternative designs for individual enclosures with the design of an equivalent building and concludes that for small numbers of units, the individual enclosure is the economic solution. Other aspects of noise, including venting of gas are discussed and future design trends indicated. In the consideration of future designs, ease of maintenance and security are fundamental considerations, together with the need to ensure that noise emitted will not pollute the environment.

scholarly journals Development of a Database of the Fluoride Content of Selected Drinks and Foods in the UK

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vida Zohoori ◽  
Anne Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Acid Diffusion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fish Group ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

It is important to monitor systemic fluoride (F) intake from foods, drinks and inadvertent toothpaste ingestion in order to minimise the risk of dental fluorosis while maximising caries prevention. In the UK, an F database containing the F content of commercially available foods and drinks was compiled from 518 products analysed using an acid-diffusion method and F-ion-selective electrode. The individual products analysed ranged from <0.01 µg F/100 g for butter/margarine (miscellaneous foods group) to 1,054.20 µg F/100 g for canned sardines (fish group). These findings, along with the wide range of F contents found within the food groups, highlight the need for comprehensive F content labelling of food and drink products.

scholarly journals A Statistical Survey of the UK Residential Sector Electrical Loads

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Tsagarakis ◽  
Adam Collin ◽  
Aristides Kiprakis
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Power System Analysis ◽  
Statistics And Probability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Electrical Loads ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Statistical Survey ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of data obtained from a wide range of literature on the most widely used appliances in the UK residential load sector, as well as a comprehensive technology and market survey conducted by the authors. The article focuses on the individual appliances and begins by consideration of the electrical operations performed by the load. This approach allows for the loads to be categorised based on the electrical characteristics, which is particularly important for implementing load-use statistics in power system analysis. In addition to this, device ownership statistics and probability density functions of power demand are presented for the main residential loads. Although the data presented is primarily intended as a resource for the development of load profiles for power system analysis, it contains a large volume of information that provides a useful database for the wider research community.

scholarly journals Ausubel’s principle of prior knowledge in first year mechanics

2011 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
David Sands
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
University Education ◽  
Concept Inventory ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Force Concept Inventory ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Force Concept

The Force Concept Inventory, a 30-question multiple choice test, has been used to test the baseline knowledge in mechanics prior to a course of instruction at Hull over the three years corresponding to entry in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Students whose pre-university education occurred outside the UK or who were repeating the year have been excluded from the analysis in order to focus attention on first-time UK students. These constitute the great majority of the entrants and the results essentially characterise the entry-level knowledge of a typical cohort. Two interesting findings have emerged. First, there is a wide range of abilities within each cohort, as judged by the test scores, and secondly, analysis of the scores question by question reveals a remarkable consistency between the different cohorts. This consistency extends even to the distribution of choices within individual questions. Five such questions are analysed in detailed to reveal which aspects of mechanics a typical class finds difficult. Ausubel‟s principle of first finding out what students know in order to teach accordingly can therefore be applied not to the individual students but to the class as a whole and suggestions as to how instruction might be tailored to address the weaknesses revealed by the Force Concept Inventory are discussed.

scholarly journals Task-response times, facilitating and inhibiting factors in cross-signing

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Zeshan
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shared Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThis paper reports on data from the “cross-signing” strand of a research project on Sign Multilingualism. Cross-signing investigates the ad-hoc improvised conversations of small groups of deaf sign language users who do not have fluency in any shared language. Participants were filmed in pairs when they met for the very first time, and after a contact period of 4–6 weeks together as a group. The deaf signers involved in this study are from the UK, Jordan, Indonesia, Japan, India, and Nepal. All signers are highly fluent in their own sign language, with varying competence in a language of literacy from their home country, but minimal or no overlapping competence in International Sign, English, or any other shared language between them. The participants used a wide range of multilingual and multimodal communicative resources, including their own and invented signs, fingerspelling, pointing, mouthing, gesture/mime, and various representations of writing. The article considers quantitative data from signed interactions during a picture-based elicitation game. While the overall response times taken by participants for completing the elicitation game are reduced at the end of the contact period compared to the initial contact, differentiating factors are at work that lead to different degrees of response time reduction in the individual signers. As a step towards explaining these patterns, the article explores insights into factors that may inhibit or facilitate communication between cross-signers, such as extent of contact between signers, typological distance between sign languages, or the use of literacy. Moreover, the data suggest a cumulative impact of these factors.

scholarly journals Collider bias undermines our understanding of COVID-19 disease risk and severity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Griffith ◽  
Tim T Morris ◽  
Matt Tudball ◽  
Annie Herbert ◽  
Giulia Mancano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
List Type ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Collider Bias

StandfirstObservational data on COVID-19 including hypothesised risk factors for infection and progression are accruing rapidly. Here, we highlight the challenge of interpreting observational evidence from non-random samples of the population, which may be affected by collider bias. We illustrate these issues using data from the UK Biobank in which individuals tested for COVID-19 are highly selected for a wide range of genetic, behavioural, cardiovascular, demographic, and anthropometric traits. We discuss the sampling mechanisms that leave aetiological studies of COVID-19 infection and progression particularly susceptible to collider bias. We also describe several tools and strategies that could help mitigate the effects of collider bias in extant studies of COVID-19 and make available a web app for performing sensitivity analyses. While bias due to non-random sampling should be explored in existing studies, the optimal way to mitigate the problem is to use appropriate sampling strategies at the study design stage.Key messagesCollider bias can occur in studies that non-randomly sample people from the population of interest. This bias can distort associations between variables or induce spurious associations.It may be possible to estimate the underlying selection model or run sensitivity analyses to examine the credibility of the threat of collider bias, but it is difficult to prove that bias has been reduced or eliminated.Tested samples in the UK Biobank cohort are highly selected for a range of traits.Sampling strategies that are resilient to collider bias issues should be used at the design stage of data collection where possible.Where this is not possible, linkage or collection of data on the target population can help in sensitivity and validation analyses.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

Sisterhood and After

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretta Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Women's Liberation ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Women’S Liberation ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cultural Taste

This ground-breaking history of the UK Women’s Liberation Movement explores the individual and collective memories of women at its heart. Spanning at least two generations and four nations, and moving through the tumultuous decades from the 1970s to the present, the narrative is powered by feminist oral history, notably the British Library’s Sisterhood and After: The Women’s Liberation Oral History Project. The book mines these precious archives to bring fresh insight into the lives of activists and the campaigns and ideas they mobilised. It navigates still-contested questions of class, race, violence, and upbringing—as well as the intimacies, sexualities and passions that helped fire women’s liberation—and shows why many feminists still regard notions of ‘equality’ or even ‘equal rights’ as insufficient. It casts new light on iconic campaigns and actions in what is sometimes simplified as feminism’s ‘second wave’, and enlivens a narrative too easily framed by ideological abstraction with candid, insightful, sometimes painful personal accounts of national and less well-known women activists. They describe lives shaped not only by structures of race, class, gender, sexuality and physical ability, but by education, age, love and cultural taste. At the same time, they offer extraordinary insights into feminist lifestyles and domestic pleasures, and the crossovers and conflicts between feminists. The work draws on oral history’s strength as creative method, as seen with its conclusion, where readers are urged to enter the archives of feminist memory and use what they find there to shape their own political futures.

ESRC Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 657-698
Author(s):  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Jordana Blejmar
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Technological World ◽  
Ways Of Being

Two workshops were part of the final steps in the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) commissioned Ways of Being in a Digital Age project that is the basis for this Handbook. The ESRC project team coordinated one with the UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (ESRC-DSTL) Workshop, “The automation of future roles”; and one with the US National Science Foundation (ESRC-NSF) Workshop, “Changing work, changing lives in the new technological world.” Both workshops sought to explore the key future social science research questions arising for ever greater levels of automation, use of artificial intelligence, and the augmentation of human activity. Participants represented a wide range of disciplinary, professional, government, and nonprofit expertise. This chapter summarizes the separate and then integrated results. First, it summarizes the central social and economic context, the method and project context, and some basic definitional issues. It then identifies 11 priority areas needing further research work that emerged from the intense interactions, discussions, debates, clustering analyses, and integration activities during and after the two workshops. Throughout, it summarizes how subcategories of issues within each cluster relate to central issues (e.g., from users to global to methods) and levels of impacts (from wider social to community and organizational to individual experiences and understandings). Subsections briefly describe each of these 11 areas and their cross-cutting issues and levels. Finally, it provides a detailed Appendix of all the areas, subareas, and their specific questions.

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