A First Step Towards the Development of a Pipeline Wrinkle Material Ultimate Limit State

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Sanjay Tiku ◽  
Vlado Semiga ◽  
Abdelfettah Fredj ◽  
Joe Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit State ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Undesirable Event ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Line Pressure ◽  
Fault Displacement

While the formation of a wrinkle in an onshore pipeline is an undesirable event, in many instances this event does not have immediate pipeline integrity implications. The magnitude or severity of a wrinkle formed due to displacement controlled loading processes (e.g. slope movement, fault displacement, frost heave and thaw settlement) may increase with time, eventually causing serviceability concerns (e.g. fluid flow or inspection restrictions). Pipe wall damage leading to cracking and eventually a loss of containment involves contributions from the wrinkle formation and growth processes, as well as, wrinkle deformations promoted by in-service line pressure, temperature and seasonal soil displacements. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the ongoing research efforts, sponsored by TransCanada PipeLines Ltd. and Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd., towards the development of a mechanics based wrinkle ultimate limits state that may be used in future to evaluate the long term integrity of wrinkled pipeline segments. The research efforts include non-linear finite element modeling to demonstrate the ability of experimentally derived material properties to predict the formation of through wall cracking induced by high and low frequency load effects. This paper outlines the material testing program used to support the development of failure criteria capable of considering the contributions of monotonic deformation, as well as, high and low cycle cyclic loading.

Efficient Evaluation of Long-Term Response for Design of Components of Offshore Structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Mauricio Videiro ◽  
Luis Volnei Sudati Sagrilo
Keyword(s):  
Limit State ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Wave Load ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Bracing System ◽  
Term Response ◽  
Tubular Component

This paper compares two approaches for the estimation of long-term response of wave load effects on offshore structures. These approaches are applied to estimate the extreme value of the cross section interaction ratio of a tubular component of the bracing system of a semisubmersible platform. The tubular component is subjected to axial loads and bending moments due to static loads and wave effects. The iteration ratio in the ultimate limit state is defined by applying design criteria derived from API RP-2A LRFD [6]. The approaches are also applied to estimate the long-term response of a single degree of freedom system due to wave actions. The first approach is based on the proposals of Videiro and Moan [3]. The results of the first approach are compared with a new model of long-term response estimation, based on the up-crossing rate distribution of the response process.

Implementation of a Method for Free-Spanning Pipeline Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joannes Gullaksen
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Wave ◽  
Current Loading

Abstract The scope of this paper is to provide a method implemented in an application for assessment of dynamic response of free spanning pipelines subjected to combined wave and current loading. The premises for the paper are based on application development within pipeline free span evaluation in a software development project. A brief introduction is provided to the basic hydrodynamic phenomena, principles and parameters for dynamic response of pipeline free spans. The choice of method for static and dynamic span modelling has an influence on calculated modal frequencies and associated stresses. Due to the importance of frequencies and stresses for fatigue and environmental loading calculations, the choice of analysis approach influences the partial safety factor format. The aim of the structural analysis is to provide the necessary input to the calculations of VIV and force model response, and to provide realistic estimations of static loading from functional loads. Environmental flow conditions are implemented in the application, such as steady flow due to current, oscillatory flow due to waves and combined flow due to current and waves. Combined wave and current loading include the long-term current velocity distribution, short-term and long-term description of wave-induced flow velocity amplitude and period of oscillating flow at the pipe level and return period values. Inline and cross-flow vibrations are considered in separate response models. For pipelines and risers, modes are categorized in in-line or cross-flow direction. A force model is also considered for the short-term fatigue damage due to combined current and direct wave actions. Design criteria can be specified for ultimate limit state (ULS) and fatigue limit state (FLS) due to in-line and cross-flow vortex induced vibrations (VIV) and direct wave loading.

Recent Advances in Pipeline Free Span Design: A New Revision of DNV-RP-F105

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Vedeld ◽  
Håvar Sollund ◽  
Olav Fyrileiv
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Vortex Induced Vibrations ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Pipeline Design ◽  
Wave Induced

Pipeline free span design has evolved from basic avoidance criteria in the DNV ’76 rules [1], to fatigue and ultimate limit state considerations in Guideline no. 14 [2]. Modern multimode, multi-span free span design is predominantly performed according to DNV-RP-F105 [3]. In 2006, the latest revision of DNV-RP-F105 [3] was written as a direct result of extensive research, performed due to significant free span challenges in the Ormen Lange pipeline project. DNV-RP-F105 was at the time, and still is, the only pipeline design code giving contemporary design guidance for vortex induced vibrations (VIV) and direct wave loading design for pipelines in free spans. The last revision of DNV-RP-F105 included a few, but highly important advances, particularly the consideration for multi-mode and multi-span pipeline dynamic response behavior. In the 10 years that have followed, no breakthroughs of similar magnitude have been achieved for pipeline free spans, but a large number of incremental improvements to existing calculation methods, and some novel advances in less critical aspects of VIV understanding have been made. As a result, DNV-RP-F105 has recently been revised to account for these advances, which include improved frequency-domain analyses of wave-induced fatigue, a new response model for cross-flow VIV in low Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) regimes in pure waves, new analytical methods for dynamic response calculations of short spans in harsh conditions, and extensive guidance on how to apply the recommended practice for assessment of fatigue and extreme environmental load effects on curved structural members such as spools, jumpers and manifold flexloops. This paper gives an overview of most of the important changes and updates to the new revision of DNV-RP-F105. Case studies are used to demonstrate the importance and effects of the changes made, and to some extent how the revision of DNV-RP-F105 can enhance its applicability and ease of use.

Reliability of TLP Tendons Under Storm Sea States

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Barranco Cicilia ◽  
Edison Castro Prates de Lima ◽  
Lui´s Volnei Sudati Sagrilo
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Wave Forces ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Extreme Response

This paper presents a methodology for reliability analysis of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) tendons subjected to extraordinary sea state conditions like hurricanes or winter storms. A coupled approach in time domain is used to carry out TLP random nonlinear dynamic analysis including wind, current and first and second order wave forces. The tendons Ultimate Limit State (ULS) condition is evaluated by an Interaction Ratio (IR) taking into account dynamic combination among tension, bending and hydrostatic pressure. Expected long-term extreme IR is obtained through the integration of cumulative probability functions (CPFs) fitted to response maxima associated to individual short term sea states. The reliability analysis is performed using a time-integrated scheme including uncertainties in loads, tendon strength, and analytical models. Failure probabilities for the most loaded tendon of a TLP in Campeche Bay, Mexico, considering a 100-yr design sea state and the 100-yr extreme response generated by long-term observed storms are compared.

scholarly journals ON DESIGN FEATURES OF PROPPED AND UNPROPPED HYPERSTATIC STRUCTURES

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algirdas Kudzys ◽  
Romualdas Kliukas ◽  
Antanas Kudzys
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Partial Factor ◽  
Ultimate Limit ◽  
Composite Steel

An effect of structural and technological features on the design methodology of hyperstatic precast reinforced concrete and composite steel‐concrete structures is discussed. Permanent and variable service, snow and wind loads of buildings and their extreme values are analysed. Two loading cases of precast reinforced concrete and composite steel‐concrete continuous and sway frame beams as propped and unpropped members are considered. A redistribution of bending moments for the ultimate limit state of beams is investigated. A limit state verification of hyperstatic beams by the partial factor and probability‐based methods is presented. It is recommended to calculate a long‐term survival probability of beams by the analytical method of transformed conditional probabilities.

Estimating Long-Term Extreme Slamming From Breaking Waves

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Lian ◽  
Sverre K. Haver
Keyword(s):  
Limit State ◽  
Gumbel Distribution ◽  
Nonlinear Problems ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Large Variability

Characteristic loads for design of offshore structures are defined in terms of their annual exceedance probability, q. In the Norwegian Petroleum Regulations, q = 10−2 is required for the ultimate limit state (ULS), while q = 10−4 is required for the accidental limit state (ALS). In principle, a full long-term analysis (LTA) is required in order to obtain consistent estimates. This is straightforward for linear response problems, while it is a challenge for nonlinear problems, in particular if they additionally are of an on–off nature. The latter will typically be the case for loads due to breaking wave impacts. In this paper, the challenges related to estimation of characteristic slamming loads are discussed. Measured slamming loads from a model test are presented, and the observed large variability is discussed. The stochastic nature of slamming loads is studied using a simplified linear relation between the sea states and the Gumbel distribution parameter surfaces. The characteristic slamming loads with q-annual probability of exceedance are estimated from an LTA using the short-term distribution of the slamming loads and the long-term distribution of the sea states. The effect of integrating over a smaller area of the scatter diagram of the sea states is studied. The uncertainties in response from slamming loads are compared to a more common response process, and the relation between variability and the number of realizations in each sea state is looked into.

Evaluation of Uncertainties in Loadings on Offshore Structures due to Extreme Environmental Conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Bea
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Mackenzie Delta ◽  
Loading Effects ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Ultimate Limit

This paper summarizes results from a Canadian Standards Association (CSA) sponsored study of the uncertainties associated with extreme (1000 to 10,000-yr return periods) environmental loadings acting on offshore structures (Bea, 1991). The evaluations of the loadings addressed loading effects that resulted from dynamic and nonlinear interactions of the structures. Loading uncertainties were organized and characterized in two categories: 1) inherent randomness (aleatory uncertainty), and 2) analytical variability (epistemic uncertainty). The study addressed the global ultimate limit state performance of three structures designed according to the provisions of the draft CSA guidelines (1989a, 1989b) for offshore structures: 1) a concrete Gravity Base Structure (GBS) located off the East coast of Canada (Hibernia), 2) a steel pile template located on the Scotian Shelf off Sable Island, and 3) a caisson retained island located in the Mackenzie Delta area of the Beaufort Sea (Amuligak). The results of this study indicate that, based on presently available information and data, it is often not possible to develop unambiguous characterizations of uncertainties. The different technical communities that background environmental conditions and forces (storms, earthquakes, ice) recognize and integrate these uncertainties into loading characterizations in different ways. In many cases, major sources of uncertainty are not included in probabilistic characterizations. Because of the needs for design code information sensitivity and consistency in demonstrating compliance with target reliability goals, there is a need for well-organized and definitive evaluations of uncertainties in extreme environmental loadings and load effects (Bitner-Gregersen et al., 1993).

scholarly journals RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING RESISTANCE AND THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE OF STEEL BEAMS WITH RANDOM IMPERFECTIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 902-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Kala
Keyword(s):  
Failure Probability ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Lateral Torsional Buckling ◽  
Torsional Buckling ◽  
Random Variability ◽  
Partial Safety Factors ◽  
Ultimate Limit

The paper deals with the analysis of reliability of a hot-rolled steel IPE-beam designed according to Eurocodes. A beam at its ultimate limit state is considered. The load acting on the beam consists of permanent and long-term single variation actions. The beam is loaded with end bending moments about the major principal axis. The beam is susceptible to lateral torsional buckling between the end supports. Reliability of the beam is assessed using probabilistic analysis based on the Monte Carlo method. Failure probability is a function of the random variability of the loadcarrying capacity and the random variability of load effects. The variability of the load-carrying capacity is influenced by the variability of initial imperfections. Imperfections are considered according to experimental research. Numerical studies showed that the failure probability is significantly misaligned. High values of failure probability were obtained for slender beams, for beams loaded only by permanent load action, and for beams loaded only by long-term single variation load. In further studies the values of partial safety factors of load and resistance were calibrated so that the failure probability had a target value of 7.2E–5. Relatively high values of partial safety factors were obtained especially for beams with high slenderness.

Pipeline Geohazard Target Susceptibility Threshold – A Reliability-Based Rationalization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney S. Read
Keyword(s):  
Limit State ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Specific Setting ◽  
Threat Categories ◽  
Fault Displacement ◽  
Ultimate Limit ◽  
Geohazard Assessment

Abstract Pipeline geohazard assessment involves the delineation and quantification of threat severity associated with a suite of geohazard mechanisms deemed credible for a specific setting or project. The context for a typical assessment is loss of containment from the pipeline — an ultimate limit state (ULS) — considering individual geohazard mechanisms (e.g., landslide, fault displacement, rockfall, subsidence, etc.). To estimate the probability of loss of containment associated with a particular geohazard mechanism at a given location, the evaluation process can be partitioned into an estimate of the probability of occurrence of the geohazard mechanism at that location, and the conditional probability of loss of pipe integrity should the event occur. The product of these two probabilities is termed “susceptibility” expressed as loss of containment events per year at a given location. A typical approach to manage geohazards assessed in this way is to set a target susceptibility threshold to determine mitigation requirements to reduce the estimated susceptibility value for individual geohazards. The rationale for selecting a target susceptibility threshold value has been a topic of interest in recent pipeline projects in Canada. This paper demonstrates a reliability-based approach in rationalizing the selected pipeline geohazard target susceptibility threshold and linking geohazard assessment results to Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of all threat categories in ASME B31-8S.

Reliability-Based Design Criterion for TLP Tendons

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Barranco Cicilia ◽  
Edison Castro Prates de Lima ◽  
Lui´s Volnei Sudati Sagrilo
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Ultimate Limit State ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Extreme Response ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Partial Safety Factors ◽  
State Models

This paper presents a Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) criterion applied to the design of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) tendons in their intact condition. The design criterion considers the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) of any tendon section along its whole length taking into account both dynamic interactions of load effects and the statistics of its associated extreme response. The partial safety factors are calibrated through a long-term reliability-based methodology for the storm environmental conditions, like hurricanes and winter storms, in deep waters of the Campeche Bay, Mexico. In the reliability analysis, the uncertainties in the definition of load effects and analytic limit state models for calculation of tendon strength and randomness of material properties are included. The results show that the partial safety factors reflect both uncertainty content and the importance of the random variables in structural reliability analysis. When tendons are designed according to the developed LRFD criterion, a less scattered variation of reliability indexes is obtained for different tendon sections across a single or various TLP designs.

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