Abstract
In recent years, the global buckling assessment of offshore pipelines in High Pressure-High Temperature (HPHT) condition become increasingly challenging since more complex pipeline system arrangement e.g. pipe(s) or cable(s) is strapped onto a larger pipeline, are rapidly utilized in many areas. Yet, the detailed guideline to assess the buckle of bundles remains unclear, therefore this study will focus to investigate on a methodical and reproducible approach to analyze in-service buckling behavior of bundled offshore pipeline system. The global buckling behavior of bundled offshore pipeline system in this study is investigated using commercial Finite Element (FE) software. Two carbon steel pipelines with different diameter are bundled and the buckling behavior is studied under the influence of buckle triggers. In the actual condition, the rogue buckle trigger is generated from OOS (out of straightness) or imperfection e.g. due to laying tolerance. Varying dimension parameter such as diameter ratio between the main pipeline and strapped pipeline are considered to understand the impact of this parameter on the buckle behavior. The study begins with a comparison of the results using numerical and analytical approaches on a straight pipeline in an unbuckled condition for validation purposes. The design parameters including wall thickness, process data, and pipe-soil interaction data, are varied since it influences the buckle behavior. In addition, some design parameter such as material properties and pipeline length will be adopted from a typical offshore pipeline project and the values are fixed so the exercise can focus on the most governing parameters. Following this, two numerical modelling methods, the equivalent properties method and the connector method, are presented in this study to simulate bundled systems. With a good agreement between the analytical and numerical approach, some buckle trigger is introduced on the numerical model of the bundled pipeline so the system is able to buckle and the behavior can be evaluated further. The strain level, lateral displacement, axial feed-in and pipe integrity shall be reported in the post-buckle conditions for both main pipe and strapped pipe as per current code and standard requirement. With more reliable results of buckling assessment for bundled pipeline system, it gives technical confidence and a major saving in both Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX). Industry has put serious effort through various Joint Industry Projects (JIP) to develop the global buckling assessment guideline in order to ensure long term integrity operation. Although the JIP guideline is predominantly for single pipeline system, similar assessment is demanded also for bundled pipeline system which described in this study. Key findings of the assessment are presented along with an overview of the design process and the typical mitigation techniques to be considered for similar subsea pipeline projects.
Enhancing the Stability of Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluid for Drilling in High-Pressure High-Temperature Conditions
