scholarly journals Optimizing Power Consumption of Freight Railroad Bearings Using Laboratory Experimental Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Lopez ◽  
Constantine Tarawneh ◽  
Arturo Fuentes ◽  
Harry Siegal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Speed Condition ◽  
Load Train ◽  
Train Speed ◽  
Railroad Bearings ◽  
Railroad Bearing ◽  
The University

Abstract Based on projected freight truck fuel efficiency, freight railroad and equipment suppliers need to identify, evaluate and implement technologies and/or operating practices to maintain traditional railroad economic competitiveness. The railway industry uses systems that record the total energy efficiency of a train but not energy efficiency or consumption by components. Lowering the energy consumption of certain train components will result in an increase in its overall energy efficiency, which will yield cost benefits for all the stakeholders. One component of interest is the railroad bearing whose power consumption varies depending on several factors that include railcar load, train speed, condition of bearing whether it is healthy or defective, and type of defect. Being able to quantify the bearing power consumption, as a function of the variables mentioned earlier, would make it possible to obtain optimal operating condition ranges that minimize energy consumption and maximize train energy efficiency. Several theoretical studies were performed to estimate the power consumption within railroad bearings, but those studies lacked experimental validation. For almost a decade now, the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) has been collecting power consumption data for railroad bearings under various loads, speeds, ambient temperatures, and bearing condition. The objective of this ongoing study is to use the experimentally acquired power consumption to come up with a correlation that can be used to quantify the bearing power consumption as a function of load, speed, ambient temperature, and bearing condition. Once obtained, the model can then be used to determine optimal operating practices that maximize the railroad bearing energy efficiency. In addition, the developed model will provide insight into possible areas of improvement for the next generation of energy efficient railroad bearings. This paper will discuss ongoing work including experimental setup and findings of energy consumption of bearings as function of railcar load, train speed, condition of bearing whether it is healthy or defective, and type of defect. Findings of energy consumption are converted into approximations of diesel gallons to quantify the effect of nominal energy consumption of the bearings and show economic value and environmental impact.

scholarly journals Power and Performance Evaluation of Memory-Intensive Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4089
Author(s):  
Kaiqiang Zhang ◽  
Dongyang Ou ◽  
Congfeng Jiang ◽  
Yeliang Qiu ◽  
Longchuan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Job Scheduling ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reasonable Use ◽  
Server System

In terms of power and energy consumption, DRAMs play a key role in a modern server system as well as processors. Although power-aware scheduling is based on the proportion of energy between DRAM and other components, when running memory-intensive applications, the energy consumption of the whole server system will be significantly affected by the non-energy proportion of DRAM. Furthermore, modern servers usually use NUMA architecture to replace the original SMP architecture to increase its memory bandwidth. It is of great significance to study the energy efficiency of these two different memory architectures. Therefore, in order to explore the power consumption characteristics of servers under memory-intensive workload, this paper evaluates the power consumption and performance of memory-intensive applications in different generations of real rack servers. Through analysis, we find that: (1) Workload intensity and concurrent execution threads affects server power consumption, but a fully utilized memory system may not necessarily bring good energy efficiency indicators. (2) Even if the memory system is not fully utilized, the memory capacity of each processor core has a significant impact on application performance and server power consumption. (3) When running memory-intensive applications, memory utilization is not always a good indicator of server power consumption. (4) The reasonable use of the NUMA architecture will improve the memory energy efficiency significantly. The experimental results show that reasonable use of NUMA architecture can improve memory efficiency by 16% compared with SMP architecture, while unreasonable use of NUMA architecture reduces memory efficiency by 13%. The findings we present in this paper provide useful insights and guidance for system designers and data center operators to help them in energy-efficiency-aware job scheduling and energy conservation.

ФОРМУВАННЯ МЕРЕЖІ ЦЕНТРІВ ЕНЕРГОХАБА ЗНАНЬ ДЛЯ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ПРІОРИТЕТНОГО НАПРЯМУ РОЗВИТКУ ПРОГРАМ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТА ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ В ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

2022 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Ivan M. Gryshchenko ◽  
Mykhailo O. Verhun ◽  
Andrii S. Prokhorovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Supply System ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The University

This article attempts to verify the relevance of building a network of energy knowledge hub centres to tackle the priority objective in enhancing energy efficiency and energy saving management in higher education institutions. It is emphasized that the issues of careful and wise use of fuels and energy resources challenge more government efforts, active use of advanced projects to manage energy saving and energy efficiency through the integrated use of different energy sources. The study argues that to identify the potential for energy saving, setting regulatory indicators of energy consumption, determining the key energy saving measures and target objects in the public sector where energy saving programs are planned to be implemented, there is a need to conduct energy surveys with further developing of energy passports for buildings. In the frameworks of this study, the following research methods were used: abstract and logical analysis – to interpret the essence of energy saving concepts for universities; systemic approach – to identify the specifics of energy saving projects implementation in universities; in-depth analysis and synthesis – to forecast the university development priority area of the "Energy efficiency and energy saving"; system, structural, comparative and statistical analyses – to assess the energy consumption in universities; economic and statistical methods – to evaluate the level and the dynamics of the energy sources use before and after the implementation of project activities; graph-based and analytical methods – to facilitate visual representation and schematic presentation of forecasts for further development of energy efficiency and energy saving systems. The study offers a mechanism to shape a network of energy knowledge hub centres to forecast a priority development area of energy efficiency and energy saving programs in higher education institutions along with providing an overview on the process of energy saving based on energy knowledge hub centres by carrying out the following tasks: project identification, scanning, energy audit, implementation of an action plan, and monitoring. It has been verified that to enhance the energy supply system in the university buildings, the following objectives should be attained: using the energy knowledge hub to forecast the university energy efficiency and energy saving programme, implementing an automated individual heating station with weather regulation and installing new radiator heaters.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Stakeholders in the Energy Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8908
Author(s):  
Rubén Garrido-Yserte ◽  
María-Teresa Gallo-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Higher education institutions (HEIs) have a huge potential to save energy as they are significantly more energy-intensive in comparison with commercial offices and manufacturing premises. This paper provides an overview of the chief actions of sustainability and energy efficiency addressed by the University of Alcalá (Madrid, Spain). The policies implemented have shifted the University of Alcalá (UAH) to become the top-ranking university in Spain and one of the leading universities internationally on environmentally sustainable practices. The paper highlights two key elements. First, the actions adopted by the managerial teams, and second, the potential of public–private collaboration when considering different stakeholders. A descriptive study is developed through document analysis. The results show that energy consumption per user and energy consumption per area first fall and are then maintained, thereby contributing to meeting the objectives of the Spanish Government’s Action Plan for Energy Saving and Efficiency (2011–2020). Because of the research approach, the results cannot be generalized. However, the paper fulfils an identified need to study the impact of HEIs and their stakeholders on sustainable development through initiatives in saving energy on their campuses and highlights the role of HEIs as test laboratories for the introduction of innovations in this field (monitoring, sensing, and reporting, among others).

Using energy profiles to identify university energy reduction opportunities

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandarani Maistry ◽  
Harold Annegarn
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Calendar ◽  
The University

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline efforts at the University of Johannesburg, a large metropolitan university in Gauteng province, to examine energy efficiency within the context of the green campus movement, through the analysis of electricity consumption patterns. The study is particularly relevant in light of the cumulative 230 per cent increase in electricity costs between 2008 and 2014 in South Africa that has forced institutions of higher education to seek ways to reduce energy consumption. Design/Methodology/Approach – A quantitative research design was adopted for the analysis of municipal electricity consumption records using a case study approach to identify trends and patterns in consumption. The largest campus of the University of Johannesburg, which is currently one of the largest residential universities in South Africa, was selected as a case study. Average diurnal consumption profiles were plotted according to phases of the academic calendar, distinguished by specific periods of active teaching and research (in-session); study breaks, examinations and administration (out-of-session); and recesses. Average profiles per phase of the academic calendar were constructed from the hourly electricity consumption and power records using ExcelTM pivot tables and charts. Findings – It was found that the academic calendar has profound effects on energy consumption by controlling the level of activity. Diurnal maximum consumption corresponds to core working hours, peaking at an average of 2,500 kWh during “in-session” periods, 2,250 kWh during “out-of-session” periods and 2,100 kWh during recess. A high base load was evident throughout the year (between 1,300 and 1,650 kWh), mainly attributed to heating and cooling. By switching off the 350 kW chiller plant on weekdays, a 9 per cent electricity reduction could be achieved during out-of-session and recess periods. Similarly, during in-session periods, a 6 per cent reduction could be achieved. Practical implications – Key strategies and recommendations are presented to stimulate energy efficiency implementation within the institution. Originality Value – Coding of consumption profiles against the academic calendar has not been previously done in relation to an academic institution. The profiles were used to establish the influence of the academic calendar on electricity consumption, which along with our own observation were used to identify specific consumption reduction opportunities worth pursuing.

Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis of Railroad Bearings for Wayside Hot-Box Detector Optimization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Mealer ◽  
Constantine Tarawneh ◽  
Stephen Crown
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Data ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Railway Safety ◽  
Railroad Bearings ◽  
Railroad Bearing ◽  
The University

The railroad industry utilizes wayside detection systems to monitor the temperature of freight railcar bearings in service. The wayside hot-box detector (HBD) is a device that sits on the side of the tracks and uses a non-contact infrared sensor to determine the temperature of the train bearings as they roll over the detector. Various factors can affect the temperature measurements of these wayside detection systems. The class of the railroad bearing and its position on the axle relative to the position of the wayside detector can affect the temperature measurement. That is, the location on the bearing cup where the wayside infrared sensor reads the temperature varies depending on the bearing class (e.g., class K, F, G, E). Furthermore, environmental factors can also affect these temperature readings. The abovementioned factors can lead to measured temperatures that are significantly different than the actual operating temperatures of the bearings. In some cases, temperature readings collected by wayside detection systems did not indicate potential problems with some bearings, which led to costly derailments. Attempts by certain railroads to optimize the use of the temperature data acquired by these wayside detection systems has led to removal of bearings that were not problematic (about 40% of bearings removed were non-verified), resulting in costly delays and inefficiencies. To this end, the study presented here aims to investigate the efficacy of the wayside detection systems in measuring the railroad bearing operating temperature in order to optimize the use of these detection systems. A specialized single bearing dynamic test rig with a configuration that closely simulates the operating conditions of railroad bearings in service was designed and built by the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) research team at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) for the purpose of this study. The test rig is equipped with a system that closely mimics the wayside detection system functionality and compares the infrared sensor temperature reading to contact thermocouple and bayonet temperature sensors fixed to the outside surface of the bearing cup. This direct comparison of the temperature data will provide a better understanding of the correlation between these temperatures under various loading levels, operating speeds, and bearing conditions (i.e. healthy versus defective), which will allow for an optimization of the wayside detectors. The impact on railway safety will be realized through optimized usage of current wayside detection systems and fewer nonverified bearings removed from service, which translates into fewer costly train stoppages and delays.

Defect Prognostics Models for Spall Growth in Railroad Bearing Rolling Elements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy De Los Santos ◽  
Constantine M. Tarawneh ◽  
Robert E. Jones ◽  
Arturo Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Health Monitoring System ◽  
Bearing Condition Monitoring ◽  
Railroad Bearings ◽  
Railroad Bearing ◽  
The University ◽  
Proactive Maintenance

Prevention of railroad bearing failures, which may lead to catastrophic derailments, is a central safety concern. Early detection of railway component defects, specifically bearing spalls, will improve overall system reliability by allowing proactive maintenance cycles rather than costly reactive replacement of failing components. A bearing health monitoring system will provide timely detection of flaws. However, absent a well verified model for defect propagation, detection can only be used to trigger an immediate component replacement. The development of such a model requires that the spall growth process be mapped out by accumulating associated signals generated by various size spalls. The addition of this information to an integrated health monitoring system will minimize operation disruption and maintain maximum accident prevention standards enabling timely and economical replacements of failing components. An earlier study done by the authors focused on bearing outer ring (cup) raceway defects. The developed model predicts that any cup raceway surface defect (i.e. spall) once reaching a critical size (spall area) will grow according to a linear correlation with mileage. The work presented here investigates spall growth within the inner rings (cones) of railroad bearings as a function of mileage. The data for this study were acquired from defective bearings that were run under various load and speed conditions utilizing specialized railroad bearing dynamic test rigs owned by the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV). The experimental process is based on a testing cycle that allows continuous growth of railroad bearing defects until one of two conditions are met; either the defect is allowed to grow to a size that does not jeopardize the safe operation of the test rig, or the change in area of the spall is less than 10% of its previous size prior to the start of testing. The initial spall size is randomly distributed as it depends on the originating defect depth, size, and location on the rolling raceway. Periodic removal and disassembly of the railroad bearings was carried out for inspection and defect size measurement along with detailed documentation. Spalls were measured using optical techniques coupled with digital image analysis, as well as, with a manual coordinate measuring instrument with the resulting field of points manipulated in MatLab™. Castings were made of spalls using low-melting, zero-shrinkage bismuth-based alloys, so that a permanent record of the spall geometry and its growth history can be retained. The main result of this study is a preliminary model for spall growth, which can be coupled with bearing condition monitoring tools that will allow economical and effective scheduling of proactive maintenance cycles that aim to mitigate derailments, and reduce unnecessary train stoppages and associated costly delays on busy railways.

scholarly journals USING THE UNIVERSITY ENERGY EFFICIENCY KNOWLEDGE HUB FOR ENERGY CERTIFICATION AND ENERGY AUDITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Management ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Valeriia Shcherbak
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Monitoring ◽  
National University ◽  
University Buildings ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Energy Audits ◽  
The University

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. The general problem of the research is to define the essence of university energy efficiency as a special type of management of higher educational institution activity, increase of its energy autonomy level, scientific research on economical use of energy resources. University energy efficiency management is a special type of management, which is based on finding new opportunities to save energy resources based on innovations, ability to attract resources from a variety of sources.METHODS. Logic, system and statistical analysis, and multiple regression methods were used to conduct energy monitoring of HUB use of energy efficiency knowledge. The method of cluster analysis was used for energy audit and energy certification of university buildings. The average value, value of mode and median, indicators of variation (variation range, average linear deviation and variation coefficient) of daily electricity consumption of building No.4 of Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design were calculated, statistical analysis of obtained data was made.FINDINGS. Existing automatic energy accounting systems in university buildings were reviewed, a comparative table was compiled and the systems were ranked according to the sum of the scores obtained.The comparative analysis is carried out according to a set of criteria, including the unique features that distinguish these systems from each other. Based on the ranking results, the best model is selected and its advantages and disadvantages are identified. A simplified list of requirements and necessary functionality for the use of energy efficiency knowledge HUB for energy monitoring, energy audits and energy certification of university buildings has been developed.CONCLUSION. The obtained asymmetry coefficient made it possible to conclude that there is a right-hand asymmetry in the amount of energy used in the university. The selected main factors influencing energy consumption allowed to monitor the energy efficiency of the university in 2020. The use of multiple regression equation allowed to take into account the main factors of energy consumption, the extent of their influence, to compare the obtained results with the actual consumption, to build energy profiles and to carry out energy certification of all buildings of Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design.

Concept of development and implementation of the energy efficiency program of the institution of higher education on the example of Igor Sikorsky Кyiv polytechnic institute

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
O. Shevchenko ◽  
◽  
М. Shovkaliuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Polytechnic Institute ◽  
Management Service ◽  
The University

The paper presents proposals for the development of programs to improve energy efficiency of educational institutions on the example of Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. The energy management of the university is planned to be carried out through remote monitoring and creation of an automated workplace of the energy manager with integration into the educational process. The aim of the work is to improve innovative management methods of energy management, taking into account the relationship of energy sources, thermal protection of building fences, the parameters of the microclimate of the premises. The facilities, which are on the balance of the university, are a platform for research work, subject to the cooperation of the Energy Management Service with various structural units. As part of the development of the energy efficiency program, a technical and economic analysis of the proposed energy saving measures using engineering calculation methods was performed, as well as experimental measurements were performed. Statistical data processing, methods of grouping, comparison, generalization were used, and for the decision of separate problems modeling in specialized software products was carried out. With the involvement of the scientific potential of the university, a system of remote monitoring based on software is gradually introduced, which includes a geoinformation map of engineering networks and buildings, monitoring of parameters in the premises and an analytical unit with the ability to predict energy consumption. Key words: energy consumption, monitoring, automation, energy efficiency program, educational institution, buildings, thermal modernization

scholarly journals Smart metering application for power efficiency studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Cristian Tudoran ◽  
Stefan Albert ◽  
Dorin N. Dadarlat ◽  
Carmen Tripon ◽  
Sorin Dan Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Smart Metering ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Energy Consumption Patterns

Improving the energy efficiency of our Institute’s data center is an ambitious challenge for our research teams. Understanding how the energy is consumed in each segment of the system becomes fundamental in order to minimize the overall energy consumed by the system itself. In this paper, we propose an experimentally–driven approach to develop a simple and accurate power consumption and temperature monitoring system. In this work we focused our attention on the monitoring, measurement of the energy consumption patterns of our data center system, at INCDTIM Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

scholarly journals Cost efficiency of retrofit measures for typical masonry houses in Kosovo

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Egzon Bajraktari ◽  
Violeta Nushi ◽  
Manuela Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
Initial Results

A major challenge our society faces today is the energy consumption of buildings. Building stock is responsible for about 40% of energy consumption worldwide. The same applies to Kosovo, where a large number of houses are poorly weatherized and inefficient in terms of energy consumption. Most of the energy consumption in the household sector in Kosovo is dedicated to the needs for heating purposes. Furthermore, many of these houses use wood or coal for heating, releasing a lot of gases in the air and so contributing to an increased air pollution both indoors and outdoors. The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture at the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina” aims to address the issue of energy efficiency for these houses. Specifically, in this study we intend to evaluate various retrofit measures applicable in the country for typical masonry houses and identify the cost-efficient solution. This paper reports the initial results of the study and discusses related challenges.

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