Thruster-Interaction Effects on a DP Semi-Submersible and a Drill Ship: Measurement and Analysis of the Thruster Wake Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cozijn ◽  
R. Hallmann
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Piv Measurements ◽  
Towing Tank ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Flow Velocities

Thruster-interaction model tests were carried out in MARIN’s Deepwater Towing Tank. Detailed PIV measurements were performed of the wake flow behind the azimuthing thrusters on two different DP vessels, a Semi-submersible and a Drill Ship. The flow velocities were measured in a large number of cross sections at different distances from the thrusters. The PIV measurements provide a detailed image of the flow velocities in the thruster wake, showing the axial velocities, as well as the transverse and vertical velocity components. First, measurements were carried out on a DP Semi-submersible (scale 1:40), which was equipped with 8 azimuthing thrusters. The results of the PIV measurements show the wake flow, interacting with nearby thrusters and the opposite pontoon of the semi-submersible. An example is shown in Figure 1 below. Deflection of the thruster wake, caused by the Coanda effect, was observed. The results for thrusters with a 7 deg downward tilt were compared with the results for thrusters with a horizontal propeller axis. Furthermore, the effect of ambient current was investigated. Second, measurements were carried out on a DP Drill Ship (scale 1:40), which had 6 azimuthing thrusters. The results of these PIV measurements also gave insight in the wake flow behind the azimuthing thrusters and the interactions between neighbouring thrusters. An example is shown in Figure 2 below. In this case, special attention was paid to the development of the thruster wake along the vessel length, up to a distance of more than 40D downstream. The results of the present research are used to further improve the understanding of the physics of thruster interaction effects. Furthermore, the results will serve as validation material for CFD calculations that are foreseen in the near future.

Thruster-Interaction Effects on a DP Shuttle Tanker - Wake Flow Measurements of the Main Propeller and Bow Tunnel Thrusters

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cozijn ◽  
R. Hallmann
Keyword(s):  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Model Tests ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Piv Measurements ◽  
Towing Tank

This paper discusses thruster interaction effects for a DP shuttle tanker, equipped with two main propellers and rudders, as well as two bow tunnel thrusters. Thruster-interaction model tests were carried out in MARIN’s Deepwater Towing Tank. Detailed PIV measurements were taken of the wake flow behind the main propellers and rudders. Furthermore, PIV measurements were taken of the wake flow of one of the two bow tunnel thrusters. The flow velocities were measured in a large number of cross sections at different down-stream positions. The PIV measurements provide a detailed image of the velocities in the thruster wake, showing axial velocities, as well as transverse and vertical velocity components. The results of the first set of measurements showed in detail the wake flow behind the main propeller of the DP shuttle tanker. The wake flow pattern was determined at rudder angles of 0 deg and 10 deg. Since the research is related to DP performance, bollard pull conditions (zero forward speed) were considered in the model tests. The results of the second set of measurements showed in detail the wake flow of one of the bow tunnel thrusters. The wake flow pattern was investigated in zero speed conditions, as well as for the vessel at forward speed. The observed flow patterns helped to explain the reduced bow tunnel performance at forward speed. The results of the present research are used to further improve the understanding of the physics of thruster interaction effects. Furthermore, the results will serve as validation material for CFD calculations that are currently being performed.

The Wake Flow Behind Azimuthing Thrusters: Measurements in Open Water, Under a Plate and Under a Barge

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cozijn ◽  
R. Hallmann
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Coanda Effect ◽  
Piv Measurements ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Coandǎ Effect ◽  
Flow Velocities

The wake flow behind a ducted azimuthing thruster was investigated. The thruster wake is an important factor in thruster interaction effects. Model tests were carried out for 3 different configurations; a thruster in open water conditions, a thruster under a flat plate and a thruster built into a barge. Two different thrusters were considered, a ‘normal’ thruster with a horizontal propeller axis and a ‘tilted’ thruster with a propeller axis and nozzle oriented 7 deg down-wards. In the tests the propeller thrust and torque were recorded, as well as the nozzle thrust and unit thrust. The velocities in the wake of the thruster were measured using a PIV (particle image velocimetry) system, for down-stream locations up to x/D = 19. The influence of the thruster tilt, the plate above the thruster and bilge radius on the thruster wake flow were investigated. Detailed PIV measurements were carried out on the wake flow behind the thruster in open water conditions. The PIV system used can measure 3D velocities in large set of points in a 2D plane, which is illuminated by a laser light beam. The flow velocities were measured in a large number of cross sections at different distances from the thruster. The PIV measurements provide a detailed image of the flow velocities in the thruster wake, showing the axial velocities, as well as the rotation and divergence of the wake. Subsequently, PIV measurements were carried out for the thruster under a flat plate and the thruster under a barge. The measurement results show a thruster wake that is deformed by the presence of the plate and the barge. The plate and the bottom of the barge form a flat plane above the thruster, clearly flattening the cross section of the thruster wake. Furthermore, the wake flow at the side of the barge, near the bilge radius, results in a low pressure region, causing the wake flow to diverge up as it flows from under the barge into the open water. This phenomenon is known as the Coanda effect and is strongly dependent on the bilge radius and the distance between the thruster and the side of the barge. The effect of both these parameters was confirmed in the model test results presented. The typical flow patterns observed as a result of the Coanda effect are illustrated in Figure 1 below. The results of the present model test research are used to further improve the understanding of the physics of thruster interaction effects. Furthermore, the results will serve as validation material for CFD calculations.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Backflow Patterns Induced by a Bilateral Groin Pair with Different Spacing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1486
Author(s):  
Cuiping Kuang ◽  
Yuhua Zheng ◽  
Jie Gu ◽  
Qingping Zou ◽  
Xuejian Han
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recirculation Zone ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
River Training ◽  
Spanwise Velocity

Groins are one of the popular manmade structures to modify the hydraulic flow and sediment response in river training. The spacing between groins is a critical consideration to balance the channel-depth and the cost of construction, which is generally determined by the backflow formed downstream from groins. A series of experiments were conducted using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to observe the influence of groin spacing on the backflow pattern of two bilateral groins. The spacing between groins has significant effect on the behavior of the large-scale recirculation cell behind groins. The magnitude of the wake flow induced by a groin was similar to that induced by another groin on the other side, but the flow direction is opposite. The spanwise velocity near the groin tip dictates the recirculation zone width behind the groins due to the strong links between the spanwise velocity and the contraction ratio of channel cross-sections between groins. Based on previous studies and present experimental results, quantitative empirical relationships are proposed to calculate the recirculation zone length behind groins alternately placed at different spacing along riverbanks. This study provides better understanding and a robust formula to assess the backflow extent of alternate groins and identify the optimum groins array configuration.

A comparison of theory and experiment for photo-ionization cross-sections I. Neon and the elements from boron to neon

1951 ◽  
Vol 208 (1094) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Ionization Cross ◽  
Hartree Fock ◽  
Quantal Theory ◽  
Ionization Cross Sections ◽  
Photo Ionization ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Dipole Length

The quantal theory of the continuous photo-electric absorption of radiation is briefly summarized, pàrticular attention being given to the alternative formulae available and to the accuracy to be expected in practical calculations. Detailed calculations are described for the photo-ionization cross-section of neon, a system for which it is understood that experimental data should be available in the near future. The calculation is made using Hartree-Fock wave functions and the two formulae of the dipole length and the dipole velocity. The corresponding cross-sections are found to be 5.8 and 4.4 x 10- 18 cm 2 . at the spectral head and to rise slowly with increasing frequency until a broad maximum is reached for an energy of the ejected electron of about 11 eV. A comparison is made with previous calculations on the elements from boron to neon ; the general trend of the results is discussed and improved estimates for boron and fluorine are given (10 x 10 -18 cm 2 . for boron and 4.3 x 10- 18 cm 2 . for fluorine at the spectral head).

SLAM CHARACTERISTICS OF A HIGH-SPEED WAVE PIERCING CATAMARAN IN IRREGULAR WAVES

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (A1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B J French ◽  
G A Thomas ◽  
M R Davis
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Towing Tank ◽  
Filling Height ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Poor Indicator ◽  
Wave Elevations

Slam characteristics of a 112m INCAT wave piercing catamaran in a range of realistic irregular sea conditions are presented in this paper. Towing tank testing of a 2.5 m hydroelastic segmented catamaran model was used to gather a database of slam events in irregular seas. The model was instrumented to measure motions, centrebow surface pressures and forces, encountered wave elevations and wave elevations within the bow area tunnel arches. From these measurements characteristics of the vessel slamming behaviour are examined: in particular relative vertical velocity, centrebow immersion, archway wave elevations and slam load distributions. A total of 2,098 slam events were identified over 22 different conditions, each containing about 80 to 100 slam events. The data, although inherently scattered, shows that encounter wave frequency and significant wave height are important parameters with regard to centrebow slamming. Relative vertical velocity was found to be a poor indicator of slam magnitude and slams were found to occur before the centrebow arch tunnel was completely filled, supporting the application of a two-dimensional filling height parameter as a slam indicator.

Mobile Marketing

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Alpana M. Desai ◽  
Edward Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Mobile Marketing ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Consumer Perspective ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Mobile Measurement

We are living in a world wherein there soon will be more mobile phone subscriptions than people. In 2000 there were less than a billion mobile subscriptions worldwide. Today, there are more than 6 billion. Accordingly, it is predicted by the World Bank that mobile subscription “will soon exceed that of the human population…as it is common in many countries for one person to own multiple SIM cards” (Rosen, 2012). The socio-economic effect of this rapid and expansive diffusion of mobile communication is being experienced more than understood. The focus of this chapter is to examine the emerging character of smartphone usage from both the user and marketing practitioner’s perspective. Specifically, from the consumer perspective, profiles of smartphone ownership and use patterns will be delineated. From the marketer’s and business practitioner’s perspectives, strategic and tactical marketing applications of smartphone technologies will be documented. In addition, speculation on the near future impact of emerging mobile technologies on consumer and practitioner applications will be addressed. The chapter concludes with analysis and discussion of the current state of mobile analytics and mobile measurement. Mobile analytics and mobile measurement have not evolved as rapidly as the proliferation of mobile devices. Measurement and analysis of data generated from mobile usage remains in its nascent state due to the technological challenges of multiple operating systems, devices, and carriers as well as the lack of standards for technology and advertising specifications.

Two-Dimensional Experimental Investigation on the Effects of a Fowler Flap Gap and Overlap Size on the Wake Flow Field

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Demel ◽  
Mohsen Ferchichi ◽  
William D. E. Allan ◽  
Marouen Dghim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Angle Of Attack ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Edge Region ◽  
Suction Surface ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Piv Measurements ◽  
Image Velocimetry

This work details an experimental investigation on the effects of the variation of flap gap and overlap sizes on the flow field in the wake of a wing-section equipped with a trailing edge Fowler flap. The airfoil was based on the NACA 0014-1.10 40/1.051 profile, and the flap was deployed with 40 deg deflection angle. Two-dimensional (2D) particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow field in the vicinity of the main wing trailing edge and the flap region were performed for the optimal flap gap and overlap, as well as for flap gap and overlap increases of 2% and 4% chord beyond optimal, at angles of attack of 0 deg, 10 deg, and 12 deg. For all the configurations investigated, the flow over the flap was found to be fully stalled. At zero angle of attack, increasing the flap gap size was found to have minor effects on the flow field but increased flap overlap resulted in misalignment between the main wing boundary layer (BL) flow and the slot flow that forced the flow in the trailing edge region of the main wing to separate. When the angle of attack was increased to near stall conditions (at angle of attack of 12 deg), increasing the flap gap was found to energize and improve the flow in the trailing edge region of the main wing, whereas increased flap overlap further promoted flow separation on the main wing suction surface possibly steering the wing into stall.

Measurement and analysis of cross sections for rare-earth-doped glasses

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Miniscalco ◽  
Barbara A. Thompson ◽  
Mark L. Dakss ◽  
Stanley A. Zemon ◽  
Leonard J. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Measurement And Analysis ◽  
Doped Glasses ◽  
Rare Earth Doped
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