Pitting and Corrosion Rates of Coated, Uncoated, and Insulated A333 Steel Pipelines in Marine Harsh Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hillier ◽  
Faisal Khan ◽  
Susan Caines
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Pit Depth ◽  
Corrosion Under Insulation

Abstract Pipelines are one of the most economical and safe means of transporting useful materials, and their design life depends on protection mechanisms present. Marine environments increase corrosion rates due to moisture, and elements like chloride which increase localized pitting rates. Thirty-six A333 low temperature carbon steel pipelines were placed at Argentia, NL, an extremely corrosive environment (C5) near high tide mark. The experiment consisted of coated, uncoated, and insulated pipes. Exposed for a period of two years, corrosion rate, optical inspections, and pit depth were recorded at intervals. The highest average pit and maximum pit depth occurred in uncoated insulated pipes and coated uninsulated pipes. The highest average mass loss occurred in uncoated (insulated and uninsulated) pipes. The least mass loss and pit depths generally occurred in coated pipes (both insulated and uninsulated). Corrosion near the ends of the pipes were more significant than other locations. Final averaged corrosion rates for insulated coated and uncoated pipes, were 0.017 and 0.021mm/yr respectively. Corrosion rates for uninsulated coated and uncoated pipes, were 0.014mm/yr and 0.023mm/yr respectively. Maximum and mean pit depths for insulated coated and uncoated pipes were, 180/156 and 256/205 microns, respectively, while for uninsulated coated and uncoated were 210/177 and 182/148 microns, respectively. Some coated and uncoated insulated pipes had negligible pitting and corrosion. Results provide an increased understanding of corrosion rates, corrosion under insulation corrosion, and under coating, and pitting data for pipelines in service in marine harsh environments.

scholarly journals AUTOMATION METHODS FOR SPECIAL VEHICLES OPERATING IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
D.E. Chickrin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Experimental Prototype

This paper describes the main principles for development autonomous vehicle, which could be used in harsh environment, especially in mining operations. Actually, the overall structure of system is shown which developed under the author's guidance. In addition, the main scenarios of the usage are presented. Additionally, there will be described significance of the experimental prototype for testing and checking all subsystems.

scholarly journals Flammability and Thermal Kinetic Analysis of UiO-66-Based PMMA Polymer Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Ruiqing Shen ◽  
Tian-Hao Yan ◽  
Rong Ma ◽  
Elizabeth Joseph ◽  
Yufeng Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽  
Combustion Calorimeter

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as novel flame retardants for polymers, which, typically, can improve their thermal stability and flame retardancy. However, there is a lack of specific studies on the thermal decomposition kinetics of MOF-based polymer composites, although it is known that they are important for the modeling of flaming ignition, burning, and flame spread over them. The thermal decomposition mechanisms of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been well investigated, which makes PMMA an ideal polymer to evaluate how fillers affect its decomposition process and kinetics. Thus, in this study, UiO-66, a common type of MOF, was embedded into PMMA to form a composite. Based on the results from the microscale combustion calorimeter, the values of the apparent activation energy of PMMA/UiO-66 composites were calculated and compared against those of neat PMMA. Furthermore, under cone calorimeter tests, UiO-66, at only 1.5 wt%, can reduce the maximum burning intensity and average mass loss rate of PMMA by 14.3% and 12.4%, respectively. By combining UiO-66 and SiO2 to form a composite, it can contribute to forming a more compact protective layer, which shows a synergistic effect on reducing the maximum burning intensity and average mass loss rate of PMMA by 22.0% and 14.7%, respectively.

scholarly journals Genomic Analyses Reveal Adaptation to Hot Arid and Harsh Environments in Native Chickens of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Gu ◽  
Qiqi Liang ◽  
Can Liu ◽  
Sheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Harsh Environment ◽  
Taklimakan Desert ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Native Chickens

The acute thermal response has been extensively studied in commercial chickens because of the adverse effects of heat stress on poultry production worldwide. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing of autochthonous Niya chicken breed native to the Taklimakan Desert region as well as of 11 native chicken breeds that are widely distributed and reared under native humid and temperate areas. We used combined statistical analysis to search for putative genes that might be related to the adaptation of hot arid and harsh environment in Niya chickens. We obtained a list of intersected candidate genes with log2 θπ ratio, FST and XP-CLR (including 123 regions of 21 chromosomes with the average length of 54.4 kb) involved in different molecular processes and pathways implied complex genetic mechanisms of adaptation of native chickens to hot arid and harsh environments. We identified several selective regions containing genes that were associated with the circulatory system and blood vessel development (BVES, SMYD1, IL18, PDGFRA, NRP1, and CORIN), related to central nervous system development (SIM2 and NALCN), related to apoptosis (CLPTM1L, APP, CRADD, and PARK2) responded to stimuli (AHR, ESRRG FAS, and UBE4B) and involved in fatty acid metabolism (FABP1). Our findings provided the genomic evidence of the complex genetic mechanisms of adaptation to hot arid and harsh environments in chickens. These results may improve our understanding of thermal, drought, and harsh environment acclimation in chickens and may serve as a valuable resource for developing new biotechnological tools to breed stress-tolerant chicken lines and or breeds in the future.

scholarly journals Mass Transfer Rates in Algol Binaries Deduced from Their Period Changes

1976 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 283-288
Author(s):  
D. S. Hall ◽  
S. G. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Change Model ◽  
Transfer Rates ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Mass Outflow ◽  
Loss Rates

Average mass transfer rates in 23 Algol binaries are derived by analyzing their observed period changes within the framework of the Biermann-Hall period change model. These are compared with thermal mass loss rates computed from the dimensions which the cooler (mass-losing) component had at the onset of mass outflow. The agreement is quite good and confirms a claim made earlier that the subgiant components in Algol binaries are losing mass at a rapid (thermal) rate, not at a slow (nuclear) rate.

Retardant Properties of Nanosilica/PTFE Nanoparticals-Reinforced Polypropylene

2014 ◽  
Vol 1004-1005 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Lu Zhang ◽  
Dong Li Li ◽  
Wen Cai Xu ◽  
Ya Bo Fu ◽  
Rui Juan Liao
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Thermoplastic Polymer ◽  
Maximum Heat ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Melting Characteristics

This work reports the flammability properties of Nanocomposites reinforced with silica and PTFE nanoparticles and toughened with an elastomeric ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Through trial and simulation study of the flame retardant thermoplastic polymer and melting characteristics of PP in the combustion process.The study found that modified PP composites have good flame retardancy compared to PP in case of fire relatively.In the study,the melting characteristics of the thermoplastic polymer affected the mass loss rate in the combustion stage.Nanocomposites experienced low plastic mass loss compared with PP, this has been related to pyrolysis mechanism of polymer.In general,The polymers undergoing depolymerization will lead to a rapid volatilization and therefore experienced much less melting.The results showed that:total heat release of nanocomposites was higher than polypropylene, while the average heat release rate, the maximum heat release rate, the average effective heat of combustion, the average mass loss rate, the average specific extinction area, and other indicators were lower than polypropylene.

CONDEEP® MonoFloater—spread-moored turretless FPSO platform

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Næss ◽  
Nora Haug ◽  
Jan Munkeby
Keyword(s):  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Storage Space ◽  
Floating Platform ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Water Depths

The CONDEEP® MonoFloater is an innovative concrete floating platform with a cylindrical hull capable of supporting large topsides. Its design allows for topside weights in excess of 30,000 tonnes. Storage space inside the hull is in excess of 1 million barrels with options for direct offloading to cargo tankers. The CONDEEP® MonoFloater is anchored in a conventional spread mooring so a high number of risers can be accommodated as no turret limitations apply. The CONDEEP® MonoFloater is designed for operation in harsh environments and water depths in excess of 250 m with a potential concrete design life of over 70 years.

scholarly journals Decay of a long-term monitored glacier: Careser Glacier (Ortles-Cevedale, European Alps)

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819-1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Carturan ◽  
C. Baroni ◽  
M. Becker ◽  
A. Bellin ◽  
O. Cainelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Observation Series ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The continuation of valuable, long-term glacier observation series is threatened by the accelerated mass loss which currently affects a large portion of so-called "benchmark" glaciers. In this work we present the evolution of the Careser Glacier, from the beginning of systematic observation at the end of the 19th century to its current condition in 2012. In addition to having one of the longest and richest observation records among the Italian glaciers, Careser is unique in the Italian Alps for its 46 yr mass balance series that started in 1967. In the present study, variations in the length, area and volume of the glacier since 1897 are examined, updating and validating the series of direct mass balance observations and adding to the mass balance record into the past using the geodetic method. The glacier is currently strongly out of balance and in rapid decay; its average mass loss rate over the last 3 decades was 1.5 m water equivalent per year, increasing to 2.0 m water equivalent per year in the last decade. Although these rates are not representative at a regional scale, year-to-year variations in mass balance show an unexpected increase in correlation with other glaciers in the Alps, during the last 3 decades. If mass loss continues at this pace, the glacier will disappear within a few decades, putting an end to this unique observation series.

scholarly journals Local topography increasingly influences the mass balance of a retreating cirque glacier

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Florentine ◽  
Joel Harper ◽  
Daniel Fagre ◽  
Johnnie Moore ◽  
Erich Peitzsch
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Measured Mass

Abstract. Local topographically driven processes such as wind drifting, avalanching, and shading, are known to alter the relationship between the mass balance of small cirque glaciers and regional climate. Yet partitioning such local effects apart from regional climate influence has proven difficult, creating uncertainty in the climate representativeness of some glaciers. We address this problem for Sperry Glacier in Glacier National Park, USA using field-measured surface mass balance, geodetic constraints on mass balance, and regional climate data recorded at a network of meteorological stations. Geodetically derived mass changes between 1950–1960, 1960–2005, and 2005–2014 document average mass loss rates during each period at −0.22±0.12 m w.e. yr−1, −0.18±0.05 m w.e. yr−1, and −0.10±0.03 m w.e. yr−1. A correlation of field-measured mass balance and regional climate variables closely predicts the geodetically measured mass loss from 2005–2014. However, this correlation overestimates glacier mass balance for 1950–1960 by +1.18±0.92 m w.e. yr−1. This suggests that local effects, not represented in regional climate variables, have become a more dominant driver of the net mass balance as the glacier lost 0.50 km2 and retreated further into its cirque.

scholarly journals Features of the kinetics of mass transfer processes in the process of firing ceramic materials

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
O.M. Nedbailo ◽  
O.G. Chernyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Content ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Firing Ceramic

In article the technique of definition factors of carrying over weight of substance in the course of roasting ceramic materials which is based on exponent dependences of change mass bodies from time of its heating is offered. The process of firing ceramic materials is associated with the transfer of heat and mass of matter. Therefore, for a more complete calculation of the heat treatment mode, it is necessary to know the conditions for the mass transfer in the product being calcined. The aim of the work is to determine the mass transfer coefficients of the substance in the process of firing ceramic materials. The mass loss rate of the bound matter or the mass loss per unit time will be directly proportional to the average mass content of the body. On the other hand, the mass loss rate of the bound matter is numerically equal to the slope of the mass content kinetics curve. Proposed in the work formulas can be applied when studying the process of mass transfer during firing of samples from different clays, as when firing clay samples of different diameters under the same conditions, they will differ in the mass content (mass loss rate of the bound substance) during heating and their final relative amount (mass content) of the lost mass will be the same.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE FILLING MASS AND pH IN DURABLE SAUSAGES DURING RIPENING

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-666
Author(s):  
Kujtim Elmazi ◽  
Mitre Stojanovski ◽  
Elena Joshevska ◽  
Biljana Trajkovska ◽  
Nesim Seferi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Controlled Conditions

The paper presents the results of studies done regarding the changes in the filling mass and pH in durable sausages (Kulen and Tea sausages) during ripening. The changes in the mass and pH of Kulen and Tea sausages during ripening were monitored every three days. Ripening of the durable sausages lasts for 15-20 days and is performed in chambers with controlled conditions (temperature and relative humidity). The initial filling mass of the pre-fermentation is 894.5g in average with a pH value of (7.1 ° C), 5.78. After completion of ripening (20th day) the average mass of the Kulen was decreased and in average changes into 615.5g. The average calorie is 297.0g or 31.19%. The final pH of the Kulen after fermentation is 4.55. The average filling mass of sausage immediately after filling was 470.5g and a pH of 5.89 at a temperature of (7.1 ° C). After 15 days of ripening the average weight of the Tea sausage was decreased with an average weight of 317.0 g. The mass loss is 153.5g, or 32.62%. The final pH of the Tea sausage after fermentation is 4.88.

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