scholarly journals Effects of static stretching duration on muscle stiffness and blood flow in the rectus femoris in adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Caliskan ◽  
Orkun Akkoc ◽  
Zuhal Bayramoglu ◽  
Omer Batin Gozubuyuk ◽  
Doga Kural ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rehabilitation Protocols ◽  
Superb Microvascular Imaging

Aims: To compare the effects of 2 and 5 min of passive static stretching (SS) on stiffness and blood flow in the rectus femoris in adolescent athletes using shear wave elastography (SWE) and superb microvascular imaging (SMI).Material and methods: This prospective study included 20 male athletes with median age of 14.5 (12.5–16.5) years. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the SS duration as follows: 2 min (n=10) and 5 min (n=10). At rest and after 2 and 5 min of SS, stiffness and blood flow values were compared in the rectus femoris for each group. Inter-operator reliability was also analysed.Results: There was no significant difference between resting and 2 min of SS in terms of stiffness. The stiffness values decreased significantly from resting to 5 min of SS. The blood flow increased significantly from resting to 2 and 5 min of SS. Inter-operator reliability was moderate to perfect for SWE and SMI measurements (ICC: 0.52–0.83).Conclusions: SWE and SMI can be used to acquire reliable quantitative data about muscle stiffness and blood flow in adolescents. While stiffness parameters significantly decreased from resting after only 5 min, blood flow significantly increased both after 2 and 5 min. For physical rehabilitation protocols, 5 min of SS may be chosen to reduce stiffness. For competitions, 2 min of SS may be sufficient for warm-up exercise because it increases the blood flow optimally. Five min of SS may be preferred for the cool-down exercise to enhance recovery.

scholarly journals Sonoelastography to Assess Muscular Stiffness Among Older Adults and its Use for the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Magdalena Janczyk ◽  
Noémie Champigny ◽  
Emeline Michel ◽  
Charles Raffaelli ◽  
Cédric Annweiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

AbstractChanges in muscle stiffness have been reported with sarcopenia. Sonoelastography is an accessible and non-radiating imaging technique allowing quantification of elastic properties of tissue. We performed a systematic review of the literature to investigate whether sonoelastography can be a reliable method to assess sarcopenia in older patients. We searched Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus, SpringerLink and Science direct from January 1, 1990 to April 1, 2020. Three independent review authors assessed trial eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias. We intended to learn which types of elastography have been tested, if such measures are repeatable, and if they have been compared to the currently accepted diagnostic method. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Most followed a cross-sectional design with young and older adult subgroups. The gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius appeared most frequently. Nine of the included studies used shear wave elastography and one-strain elastography. The passive elastic constant was significantly greater in sarcopenic versus healthy subjects after passive stretching (124.98 ± 60.82 vs. 46.35 ± 15.85, P = 0.004). However, even in non-sarcopenic patients, the age of the patient was responsible for about 45.5 % of the variance in SWV. Among ten included articles, four reported higher stiffness in the muscles of older adults, two reported lower stiffness, and four found no significant difference. Due to the substantial heterogenicity of actual data, we could not make any conclusions about the potential usefulness of elastography to assess sarcopenia. Further studies are needed, including a larger sample of older patients and using a standardized and reproducible protocol.

scholarly journals The Comparison of Different Stretching Intensities on the Range of Motion and Muscle Stiffness of the Quadriceps Muscles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Yuta Murakami ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Muscle Strain ◽  
Shear Elastic Modulus

Muscle strain is one of the most frequent sports injuries, having the rectus femoris (RF) muscle as the reported preferred site of quadriceps muscle strain. The decrease muscle stiffness could be an effective RF muscle strain prevention. In recent studies, a high-intensity static stretching intervention decreased passive stiffness, though no study has investigated on the effect of the different static stretching intervention intensities on quadriceps muscle stiffness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the three different quadriceps muscle stiffness intensities (120 vs. 100 vs. 80%). Eighteen healthy, sedentary male volunteers participated in the study and randomly performed three intensities. The static stretching intervention was performed in knee flexion with 30° hip extension. Three 60-second stretching intervention with a 30-second interval were performed at each stretching intensity. We measured knee flexion range of motion and shear elastic modulus of the RF muscle used by ultrasonic shear-wave elastography before and after the static stretching intervention. Our results showed that the knee flexion range of motion was increased after 100% (p < 0.01) and 120% intensities (p < 0.01) static stretching intervention, not in 80% intensity (p = 0.853). In addition, our results showed that the shear elastic modulus of the RF muscle was decreased only after 100% intensity static stretching intervention (p < 0.01), not after 80% (p = 0.365), and 120% intensities (p = 0.743). To prevent the quadriceps muscle strain, especially the RF muscle, 100%, not 120% (high) and 80% (low), intensity stretching could be beneficial in sports setting application.

Effects of hot pack application before high-intensity stretching on the quadriceps muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Futaba Sanuki ◽  
Yuta Murakami ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hot Pack

Background/aims High-intensity static stretching is assumed to increase the range of motion and/or decrease muscle stiffness; however, the effects of high-intensity static stretching on the quadriceps muscle have been debated. Hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching was assumed to decrease stretching pain, which is the main problem in high-intensity static stretching, and decrease quadriceps muscle stiffness. This study aimed to examine hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching on stretching pain, knee flexion range of motion, and quadriceps muscle stiffness. Methods In total, 21 healthy sedentary male participants randomly performed two interventions: high-intensity static stretching and hot pack application before stretching. Static stretching was performed at three 60-second stretching interventions with a 30-second interval. Then, a 20-minute hot pack was applied before high-intensity static stretching. The knee flexion range of motion and shear elastic modulus of the quadriceps muscle were measured by ultrasonic shear-wave elastography before and after the static stretching intervention. Results Stretching pain after hot pack application before stretching was lower than high-intensity static stretching alone. Significant increases were also found in knee flexion range of motion after both stretching interventions, but no significant difference was noted in the increase in the knee flexion range of motion with or without hot pack application. No significant change was found in quadriceps muscle stiffness in either intervention. Conclusions The results suggest that hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching could decrease stretching pain, but no significant difference in knee flexion range of motion increase was found.

scholarly journals The Measurement of Stiffness for Major Muscles with Shear Wave Elastography and Myoton: A Quantitative Analysis Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Youngjin Lee ◽  
Minkyoung Kim ◽  
Haneul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was performed to assess the relationship between hand-held myotonometer MyotonPRO and shear wave elastography (SWE) measurements of lower limb muscle stiffness during resting and active voluntary contraction. Forty healthy young adults, (20 males and 20 females) participated in the study. The stiffness of each subject’s rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) was measured repeatedly by MyotonPRO and SWE. Moderate to strong correlations between the two methods’ measurements were found for both resting and active voluntary contraction. (r = 0.416–0.669, p < 0.05; r = 0.398–0.594, p < 0.05, respectively). Muscle stiffness at rest was significantly lower compared contraction in all four muscles measured by both methods (p < 0.05). Intra-rater reliabilities were generally lower when measurements were taken during contraction. Additionally, when compared by gender, muscle stiffness measured by MyotonPRO was significantly higher at rest in men compared to women, except for the TA. However, a significant difference was found in TA muscle stiffness by gender when measured with SWE. When muscles were contracted, all muscles showed significantly higher stiffness in men compared to women. There were moderate to good correlations in muscle stiffness between measurements of SWE and MyotonPRO at rest and during active voluntary contraction. Additionally, both instruments showed good intra-rater reliability.

Effect of Rest Duration Between Static Stretching on Passive Stiffness of Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle In Vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-582
Author(s):  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Nobushige Takahashi ◽  
Tomoichi Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Shear Elastic Modulus ◽  
Before And After

Context: In clinical and sports settings, static stretching (SS) is usually performed to increase range of motion (ROM) and decrease passive muscle stiffness. Recently, the shear elastic modulus was measured by ultrasonic shear wave elastography as an index of muscle stiffness. Previous studies reported that the shear elastic modulus measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography decreased after SS, and the effects of SS on shear elastic modulus were likely affected by rest duration between sets of SS. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of SS with different rest durations on ROM and shear elastic modulus of gastrocnemius and to clarify whether the rest duration between sets of SS decreases the shear elastic modulus. Design: A randomized, repeated-measures experimental design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Sixteen healthy males volunteered to participate in the study (age 21.3 [0.8] y; height 171.8 [5.1] cm; weight 63.1 [4.5] kg). Main Outcome Measures: Each participant underwent 3 different rest interval durations during SS (ie, long rest duration: 90 s; normal rest duration: 30 s; and short rest duration: 10 s). This SS technique was repeated 10 times, thus lasting a total of 300 seconds with different rest durations in each protocol. The dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were measured before and after SS. Results: Our results revealed that dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were changed after 300-second SS; however, no effects of the rest duration between sets of SS were observed. Conclusions: In terms of decreasing the shear elastic modulus, clinicians and coaches should not focus on the rest duration when SS intervention is performed.

Static and Dynamic Acute Stretching Effect on Gymnasts’ Speed in Vaulting

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theophanis Siatras ◽  
Georgios Papadopoulos ◽  
Dimitra Mameletzi ◽  
Vasilios Gerodimos ◽  
Spiros Kellis
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Dynamic Stretching ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Stretching Effect ◽  
Stretching Exercises

Although warm-up and stretching exercises are routinely performed by gymnasts, it is suggested that stretching immediately prior to an activity might affect negatively the athletic performance. The focus of this investigation was on the acute effect of a protocol, including warm-up and static and dynamic stretching exercises, on speed during vaulting in gymnastics. Eleven boys were asked to perform three different protocols consisting of warm-up, warm-up and static stretching and warm-up and dynamic stretching, on three nonconsecutive days. Each protocol was followed by a “handspring” vault. One-way analysis of variance for repeated-measures showed a significant difference in gymnasts’ speed, following the different protocols. Tukey’s post hoc analysis revealed that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault was significantly decreased after the application of the static stretching protocol. The findings of the present study indicate the inhibitory role of an acute static stretching in running speed in young gymnasts.

scholarly journals Modulation in Elastic Properties of Upper Trapezius with Varying Neck Angle

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jiafeng Yu ◽  
Chunlong Liu ◽  
Chunzhi Tang ◽  
Zhijie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Shear Elastic Modulus ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper Trapezius Muscle

Background. Neck and shoulder complaints caused by poor posture may influence upper trapezius stiffness. The relationship between the shear elastic modulus of the upper trapezius and cervical flexion angles is unknown. Therefore, it is essential to assess upper trapezius stiffness during cervical flexion. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the intra- and interoperator reliabilities of evaluating upper trapezius stiffness and calculate the minimal detectable change (MDC); (2) examine the elastic modulus alterations of the upper trapezius during cervical flexion; and (3) explore the difference of upper trapezius stiffness between the dominant and nondominant sides. Methods. Twenty healthy male participants were recruited in this study. The shear modulus of the upper trapezius was evaluated by two independent investigators using shear wave elastography (SWE) during cervical flexion at 0° and 50°. Findings. The intraoperator (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC=0.85–0.86) and interoperator (ICC=0.94–0.98) reliabilities for measuring the shear elastic modulus of the upper trapezius during the cervical flexion ranged from good to excellent. An increase of 35.58% in upper trapezius stiffness was found at 0° to 50° of cervical flexion, and the MDC was 7.04 kPa. In addition, a significant difference was obtained in the elastic modulus of the upper trapezius muscle between the dominant and nondominant sides (P<0.05). Conclusions. Our findings revealed that SWE could quantify the elastic modulus of the upper trapezius and monitor its changes. Therefore, further studies are required to delineate the modulation in upper trapezius muscle stiffness among subjects with neck and shoulder pain.

Efeito do alongamento estático e da corrida submáxima no desempenho do salto contramovimento e sprint em jogadores universitários de voleibol  (Efecto del estiramiento estático y de la carrera sub máxima en el desempeño del salto de contramovimiento y Sp

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 325-329
Author(s):  
Luiz José Frota Solon Junior ◽  
Luiz Vieira Da Silva Neto
Keyword(s):  
Static Stretching ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

Resumo. É comum em diversas modalidades esportivas os praticantes incluírem rotinas de alongamento e corrida submáxima como forma de aquecimento antes dos treinos e competições. No entanto, não existe um consenso sobre a influência destes protocolos no desempenho de jogadores universitários de voleibol. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da corrida submáxima (CS) e do alongamento estático passivo (AEP) no desempenho de atletas universitários de voleibol durante testes de Salto Contramovimento (SCM) e Sprint de 10 metros. Treze atletas do sexo masculino foram convidados a executarem dois testes funcionais (SCM e sprint de 10 metros), de forma aleatória, em três condições diferentes: 1) condição controle (CC), 2) após o AEP, e 3) após uma CS. O desempenho do SCM e Sprint foram obtidos através de aplicativos de smartphone. A condição CS apresentou um desempenho significativamente melhor do SCM em comparação com AEP (p = 0.01). Entretanto, não houve diferença entre as condições experimentais e controle (p > 0.05). Além disso, nenhuma diferença significativa no tempo e velocidade do sprint de 10m foram observadas entre as condições examinadas (p = 0.7 e p = 0.6, respectivamente). Podemos concluir que a corrida submáxima parece ser melhor do que os AEP para melhorar o desempenho de atletas universitários de voleibol.  Resumen. Es común en diversas modalidades deportivas que los practicantes incluyan rutinas de estiramiento y carrera como forma de calentamiento antes de los entrenamientos y competiciones. Sin embargo, no hay consenso sobre la influencia de estos protocolos en el desempeño de los jugadores universitarios de voleibol. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar el efecto de la carrera sub máxima (CSM) y del estiramiento estático pasivo (EEP) en el desempeño de atletas universitarios de voleibol durante pruebas de Salto Contramovimiento (SCM) y sprint de 10 metros. Trece atletas masculinos fueron invitados a realizar dos pruebas funcionales (SCM y sprint de 10 metros), de forma aleatoria, en tres condiciones diferentes: 1) condición control (CC), 2) después de AEP, y 3) después de una CSM. El rendimiento de SCM y Sprint se ha obtenido a través de aplicaciones de smartphone. La condición CSM presentó un rendimiento significativamente mejor del SCM en comparación con EEP (p = 0.01). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia entre las condiciones experimentales y control (p > 0.05). Además, no se observó ninguna diferencia significativa en el tiempo y la velocidad del sprint de 10 m entre las condiciones examinadas (p = 0.7 y p = 0.6, respectivamente). Podemos concluir que la carrera sub máxima parece ser mejor que el estiramiento estático para mejorar el desempeño de los atletas universitarios de voleibol.  Abstract. It is common in many sports for participants to include stretching and submaximal running as a way of warming-up before training sessions and competitions. However, there is no confirmation of their influence on the performance of varsity volleyball players. This study aimed to verify the effect of Submaximal Running (SR) and Passive Static Stretching (PSS) on the performance of college volleyball athletes during Contra Movement Jump (CMJ) and 10-meter sprint tests. Thirteen male athletes were randomly invited to perform two functional tests (CMJ and 10-meter sprint) under three different conditions: 1) control condition (CC), 2) after PSS, and 3) after an SR. Performance at CMJ and 10-meter sprint were assessed through smartphone applications. SR-subjected individuals presented a significantly better performance at CMJ test when compared to PSS (p = 0.01). However, there was no difference between the experimental and control conditions (p > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in sprint time and speed at the 10-meter sprint test between the analyzed conditions (p = 0.7 and p = 0.6, respectively). We can conclude that submaximal running can be better than static stretching to improve the performance of college volleyball athletes.

scholarly journals Fast-Velocity Eccentric Cycling Exercise Causes Greater Muscle Damage Than Slow Eccentric Cycling

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Ueda ◽  
Yosuke Tsuchiya ◽  
Eisuke Ochi
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Echo Intensity ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slow Velocity

This study aims to investigate muscle damage occurring in the early and recovery phases after fast-velocity and slow-velocity eccentric cycling. Eleven untrained men (age, 20.0 ± 1.7 years; height, 171.3 ± 6.8 cm; weight, 61.8 ± 7.7 kg; and %body fat, 13.2 ± 2.9%) performed slow-velocity maximal isokinetic eccentric cycling (slow-velocity; 30°/s) with one leg and fast-velocity (fast-velocity; 210°/s) isokinetic eccentric cycling with the other leg. Changes in maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric contraction (MVCC) torque at velocities of 30 and 210°/s, range of motion (ROM), and muscle soreness were assessed by pressure using a digital muscle stiffness instrument; thigh circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness were assessed before exercise, and immediately after exercise, 1 day, and 4 days after exercise. Comparing with the results obtained for slow-velocity cycling (post: 215.9 ± 32.3 Nm, day 1: 192.9 ± 47.4 Nm, day 4: 184.3 ± 47.2 Nm) and before exercise, MVCC after fast-velocity cycling significantly decreased at immediately (160.4 ± 43.5 Nm), 1 day (143.6 ± 54.1 Nm), and 4 days (150.1 ± 44.5 Nm) after exercise (p &lt; 0.05). Significant increase in muscle soreness for vastus lateralis was observed after fast-velocity cycling (41.2 ± 16.9 mm) compared with slow-velocity cycling (23.7 ± 12.2 mm) 4 days after exercise (p &lt; 0.05). However, no significant difference in muscle soreness was observed for rectus femoris and vastus medialis at any time points after exercise. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the ROM, thigh circumference, muscle echo intensity, and muscle stiffness. In conclusion, fast-velocity eccentric cycling causes a decrease in muscle strength and an increase in soreness as compared to slow-velocity eccentric cycling.

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