The Effects of Sport Participation on Individuals with Mental Retardation

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Riggen ◽  
Dale Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Olympics ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Individuals With Mental Retardation

This study compared individuals with mental retardation participating in either a traditional segregated Special Olympic program or the new Unified Special Olympic program, which is integrated. The dependent variables of the study included self-perceptions of physical ability, social skills, and general self-worth. Actual physical abilities were also compared between the two groups. A control group not participating in sport programs was utilized. Self-perceptions were assessed with a modified version of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1982). Cardiovascular fitness was estimated with the 1-mi run-walk (AAHPERD, 1984). Sport skills were assessed by use of a standard skills test routinely used for team placement by Special Olympics. Unified athletes demonstrated an increase in social self-perception, which remained unchanged in the traditional athletes. There were no significant increases found in self-perceptions of physical and general self-worth for either the traditional or Unified Special Olympic participants. Both the segregated and integrated basketball participants demonstrated significant increases in basketball skills but not in cardiovascular fitness.

Effect of Indoor Wall Climbing on Self-Efficacy and Self-Perceptions of Children with Special Needs

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. Mazzoni ◽  
P. Lynn Purves ◽  
Julie Southward ◽  
Ryan E. Rhodes ◽  
Viviene A. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The impact of a six-week indoor wall climbing on the perceptions of self for children with special needs aged 6–12 years was explored. Participants (n = 46) were randomly assigned to the intervention (girls, n = 4; boys, n = 19) and control groups (girls, n = 5; boys, n = 18). Belayers’ and children’s perceptions of efficacy were measured using specifically designed questionnaires and perceptions of competence and global self-worth were measured using Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children for participants with an adaptive age of 8 years or higher. Children’s self-efficacy and belayers’ ratings of children’s efficacy improved significantly, t(21) = 3.9, p = .001, d = .84 and F(2, 44) = 30.03, p < .001, respectively. The children’s judgments of their athletic and social competence and global self-worth, however, did not change over time or differ from the wait-listed control group (p > .05). These results suggest that it is likely that many experiences that enhance self-efficacy may be needed to improve self-perceptions.

scholarly journals Self-Perceptions, Self-Worth and Sport Participation in Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 624-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Balaguer ◽  
Francisco L. Atienza ◽  
Joan L. Duda
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
School Children ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Self Worth

The purpose of this study was to study the associations between specific self-perceptions and global self-worth with different frequency levels of sport participation among Spanish boys and girls adolescents. Students (457 boys and 460 girls) completed the Self Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985) and items assessing sport engagement from The Health Behavior in School Children Questionnaire (Wold, 1995). Results showed that some specific dimensions of self-perception were related to different frequency of sport participation whereas overall judgments of self-worth did not. Specifically, for boys and girls, higher levels of sport participation were positively associated to Athletic Competence, and for boys were also associated with Physical Appearance and Social Acceptance. The potential implications of domain specific socialisation processes on the configuration of self-perceptions are highlighted.

Reliability of Field Based Cardiovascular Fitness Running Tests for Individuals with Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Baumgartner ◽  
Michael Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Cardiovascular Endurance ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Individuals With Mental Retardation

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the reliability of cardiovascular running tests for individuals with mild and moderate mental retardation. A secondary purpose was to determine whether cardiovascular running tests had some degree of validity in that running times for these tests tended to be in excess of 6 minutes. Data for eight groups were analyzed. Times for the distance runs ranged from 51 to 914 seconds while reliability ranged from .25 to .94, depending on the group. Based on the findings for the groups and distances used in this study, the following conclusions seem justified: (a) Distance run tests of 300 to 880 yds may be reasonably reliable for rank ordering subjects in terms of scores on these tests; (b) distance run tests of 300 or 600 yds are not valid measures of cardiovascular endurance for individuals with mental retardation; and (c) a distance run test of 880 yds may be valid as a measure of cardiovascular endurance.

scholarly journals Sport Participation Motivation of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (70) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jūratė Požėrienė ◽  
Rūta Adomaitienė ◽  
Vida Ostasevičienė ◽  
Diana Rėklaitienė ◽  
Inga Kragnienė
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Special Olympics ◽  
Sport Motivation ◽  
Participation Motivation ◽  
Motivation Scale ◽  
Sport Motivation Scale ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Special Olympics have grown and became the largest worldwide provider of sport opportunities for individuals with intellectual disabilities. In addition, Special Olympics sport programs participation is associated with improved physical fitness and motor skills as well as increased self-esteem, self-confidence, social competence and positive self-perceptions. But there is still limited research regarding sport participation motivation in Special Olympics, so the aim of the study was to identify why individuals with intellectual disabilities have joined and continue to participate in Special Olympics program. This study evaluated sport participation motivation of 102 (60 males and 42 females) SO athletes aged 12 to 16 years (mean age 14.12, SD = 1.47). The sampling design was purposive in that participants had to meet criteria of mental retardation, to come from the same Kaunas region, and to participate in sport for 1—2 hours twice a week for a minimum 6 months. To measure sport motivation were used the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) (Pelletier et al., 1995). The Lithuanian validation of this modified sport motivation scale (SMS) for persons with mild mental retardation was done by Sajute (2002). The results showed that Special Olympics sport participants expressed significantly greater identified regulation level (extrinsic motivation) than intrinsic motivation, and the mean score of external regulation (extrinsic motivation) was higher compared to intrinsic motivation. Results showed the most motivating factors for participants was winning ribbons and medals, fun, being pretty skilled and spend time with friends. While sport participation motives of athletes with intellectual disabilities varied, they were not so different between genders. No significant differences were found between genders. Our study supported the use of self-determination theory for the evaluation of motivation for participation in Special Olympics sport programs.Keywords: intellectual disabilities, sport participation, extrinsic and external motivation.

Effects of Integrated Sport Participation on Perceived Competence for Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégory Ninot ◽  
Jean Bilard ◽  
Didier Delignières ◽  
Michel Sokolowski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Group D

The purpose was to examine the effects of type of program (integrated vs. segregated) and type of sport (basketball vs. swimming) on sport skills, four domains of perceived competence, and general self-worth. Participants were 48 adolescent females with mental retardation (MR) divided equally into six groups: (a) segregated basketball, (b) integrated basketball, (c) segregated swimming, (d) integrated swimming, (e) adapted physical activity (APA), (f) sedentary. The experimental treatment was 8 months long. We administrated sport skill tests and Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children four times to determine changes in sport skill, perceived competence, and general self-worth. Results indicated (a) significant improvement in skill for all sports groups, (b) no changes in perceived social acceptance and physical appearance, (c) significantly lower perceived athletic competence for the integrated basketball group compared to the sedentary group, (d) significantly lower perceived conduct for the basketball groups compared to the APA and sedentary groups, (e) and no significant changes in general self-worth.

Effects of School-Based Cardiovascular-Fitness Training in Children with Mental Retardation

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Ozmen ◽  
Necmiye Un Yildirim ◽  
Bekir Yuktasir ◽  
Michael W. Beets
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
School Based ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
Run Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shuttle Run

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a school-based cardiovascular-fitness-training program in children with mental retardation (MR). Thirty boys (8−15 years old) with mild to moderate mental retardation were randomly divided into 2 groups—experimental (EX) and control (CN). The EX group underwent 10 weeks of training 3 times/week for a duration of 1 hr/session at 60-80% peak heart rate. At Week 10, significant increases in 20-m shuttle-run-test (20-MST) laps were observed for the EX group. No improvements were found in percent body fat. No changes were observed for the CN. The school-based training program might prove useful in improving the cardiovascular fitness of children with MR.

scholarly journals The Survey of Effectiveness of Group Counseling with Cognitive – Behavioural Method in Reducing Mother’s Stress of Child with Mental Retardation under 6 Years Old Under Cover of Khorramabad Province Welfare Organization (2012)

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Azarinvand, Abrahim ◽  
Gorjee, Yosef ◽  
Sadrepooshan, Najmeh ◽  
Esmaili, Ghasem
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Group Counseling ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trial Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 15 ◽  
Behavioral Method ◽  
And Control

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling with cognitive – behavioral method in reducing mother’s stress of child with mental retardation less than 6 years old covered of Khorramabad province welfare organization (2012). The statistical society of this study consisted of 52 mothers of child with mental retardation who their children had file in the welfare office. 30 persons were selected by simple random sampling and were divided into two groups including trial group (15 persons) and control group (15 persons).</p><p>The method of study was quasi – experimental way with control group and random trial and data gathering tool such as Friedrich, Greenberg and Crink resources and stress questionnaire. To perform the study; the first step was pretest trial and control group and then 10 group counseling sessions with cognitive- behavioral method had hold among trial group. The control group’s mothers did not receive any counseling. Then, it established post – testing of both group again and another test provided to following – up step for two weeks after test.</p><p>The result of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that, there is significant difference in percentage1 level between control and trial groups post – test and follow – up scores, so, the first hypothesis of this study had approved upon group counseling efficacy with cognitive – behavioral method in reducing mother’s stress of child with mental retardation. In addition, these results showed that group counseling with cognitive – behavioral method has been established significant reduction in percentage 1 level physical and emotional symptoms of trial groups’ mothers, but it did not find the significant difference in the cognitive symptoms.</p>

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