Decreased Resting Metabolic Rate in Ballet Dancers with Menstrual Irregularity

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn H. Myburgh ◽  
Claire Berman ◽  
Illana Novick ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
Estelle V. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Menstrual Irregularity ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormone

We studied 21 ballet dancers aged 19.4 ± 1.4 years, hypothesizing that undernu-trition was a major factor in menstrual irregularity in this population. Menstrual history was determined by questionnaire. Eight dancers had always been regular (R). Thirteen subjects had a history of menstrual irregularity (HI). Of these, 2 were currently regularly menstruating, 3 had short cycles, 6 were oligomenorrheic, and 2 were amenorrheic. Subjects completed a weighed dietary record and an Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). The following physiological parameters were measured: body composition by anthropometry, resting metabolic rate (RMR) by open-circuit indirect calorimetry, and serum thyroid hormone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. R subjects had significantly higher RMR than HI subjects. Also, HI subjects had lower RMR than predicted by fat-free mass, compared to the R subjects. Neitherreported energy intake nor serum thyroid hormone concentrations were different between R and HI subjects. EAT scores varied and were not different between groups. We concluded that in ballet dancers, low RMR is more strongly associated with menstrual irregularity than is currentreported energy intake or serum thyroid hormone concentrations.

Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermic Effect of a Meal in Low- and Adequate-Energy Intake Male Endurance Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Thompson ◽  
Melinda M. Manore ◽  
James S. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Thermic Effect

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal·day-1less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these differences, both groups had a similar fat-free mass (FFM) and had been weight stable for at least 2 years. The RMR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the LOW group compared to the values of the ADQ group (1.19 vs. 1.29 kcal·FFM-1·hr-l, respectively); this difference represents a lower resting expenditure of 158 kcal·day-1. No differences were found in TEM between the two groups. These results suggest that a lower RMR is one mechanism that contributes to weight maintenance in a group of low- versus adequate-energy intake male athletes.

scholarly journals The biology of appetite control: Do resting metabolic rate and fat-free mass drive energy intake?

2015 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Blundell ◽  
G. Finlayson ◽  
C. Gibbons ◽  
P. Caudwell ◽  
M. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Appetite Control

scholarly journals Bone Density and Amenorrhea in Ballet Dancers Are Related to a Decreased Resting Metabolic Rate and Lower Leptin Levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2777-2783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky A. Kaufman ◽  
Michelle P. Warren ◽  
Jennifer E. Dominguez ◽  
Jack Wang ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Nutritional Habits ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Chronic Dieting ◽  
Medical Histories

Osteopenia, which is correlated with amenorrhea and poor nutritional habits, has been well documented in elite ballet dancers. Estrogen replacement therapy and recovery from amenorrhea have not been associated with normalization of bone density. Thus, the osteopenia may be related to changes brought about by chronic dieting or other factors, such as a hypometabolic state induced by poor nutrition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of chronic dieting and resting metabolic rate (RMR) to amenorrhea and bone density. RMR, bone density, eating disorder assessments, leptin levels, and complete menstrual and medical histories were determined in 21 elite ballet dancers and in 27 nondancers (age, 20–30 yr). No significant correlations were found between high EAT26 scores, a measure of disordered eating, and RMR, bone densities, body weight, body fat, or fat-free mass. However, when RMR was adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM), a significant positive correlation was found between RMR/FFM and bone density in both the arms (P &lt; 0.001) and spine (P &lt; 0.05) in ballet dancers, but not in the normal controls. The dancers also demonstrated significantly higher EAT scores (22.9 ± 10.3 vs. 4.1 ± 2.4; P &lt; 0.001) and lower RMR/FFM ratios (30.0 ± 2.2 vs. 32.05 ± 2.8; P &lt; 0.01). The only variable to predict lower RMR/FFM in the entire sample was ever having had amenorrhea; this group had significantly higher EAT scores (18.0 ± 13.5 vs. 10.3 ± 10.2; P &lt; 0.05), lower leptin levels (4.03 ± 0.625 vs. 7.10 ± 4.052; P &lt; 0.05), and lower bone mineral density in the spine (0.984 ± 0.11 vs. 1.10 ± 0.13; P &lt; 0.05) and arm (0.773 ± 0.99 vs. 0.818 ± 0.01; P &lt; 0.05). We hypothesize that the correlation between low RMR and lower leptin levels and bone density may be more strongly related to nutritional habits in ballet dancers, causing significant depression of RMR, particularly for those with a history of amenorrhea.

Influence of physical activity and dietary restraint on resting energy expenditure in young nonobese females

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Poehlman ◽  
Helen F. Viers ◽  
Mark Detzer
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Fasting Plasma ◽  
Resting Energy

An understanding of the physiological and behavioral determinants of resting energy requirements is important to nutritional considerations in females. We examined the influence of endurance training and self-reported dietary restraint on resting metabolic rate and fasting plasma hormones in 44 nonobese females characterized for body composition, maximal aerobic power [Formula: see text], and daily energy intake. To examine the association of metabolic rate and dietary restraint with hormonal status, fasting plasma levels of insulin, glucose, and thyroid hormones (total and free fractions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine) were determined. In univariate analysis, resting metabolic rate (kcal∙min−1) was positively related to [Formula: see text] (L∙min−1) (r = 0.54; p < 0.01). This relationship, however, was partially dependent on body size, since fat-free mass was also related to resting metabolic rate (r = 0.42; p < 0.01) and [Formula: see text] (L∙min−1) (r = 0.75; p < 0.01). After controlling for fat-free weight using partial correlation analysis, the relation between RMR and [Formula: see text] was weaker but still significant (partial r = 0.38; p < 0.05). On the other hand, high levels of dietary restraint were associated with higher levels of body fat (r = 0.31; p < 0.05) and a lower resting metabolic rate (r = −0.29; p = 0.07). These associations persisted after control for differences in fat-free mass. Total energy intake as well as total and free levels of triiodothyronine were not related to resting metabolic rate or level of dietary restraint. Our results suggest that the level of endurance training (i.e., [Formula: see text]) and dietary restraint, independent of differences in fat-free mass, contribute to individual variation in resting metabolic rate of nonobese females. These findings appear to be unrelated to fasting plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones. Whereas high levels of endurance training are associated with increased energy requirements at rest, higher levels of dietary restraint are associated with a lower resting metabolic rate and possibly a propensity to gain body fat.Key words: endurance training, dietary restraint, resting metabolic rate, females, energy intake.

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

scholarly journals Adherence to a Low Carbohydrate Diet may Modify Resting Metabolic Rate among Overweight and Obese Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
nasim Ghodoosi ◽  
Sara Pooyan ◽  
Hana Arghavani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Carb Diet ◽  
Adjusted Model

Abstract Objective Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for most of the daily energy expenditure. The low-carb diet attenuates decreases in RMR. This study aims to investigate the relationship between a low-carb diet and resting metabolic rate status. Methods We enrolled 304 overweight and obese women in this cross-sectional study. BMI, fat mass, fat-free mass, visceral fat, insulin level were assessed. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. A low carbohydrate diet score was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results Our results showed no relationship between LCDS and DNR even after adjust for confounders (Inc. RMR: OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.92–1.01, P = 0.20; Dec. RMR: OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94-1.00, P = 0.14). Some components of LCDS had significant differences with DNR, such as carbohydrate and Dec. RMR in adjusted model (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 0.98–1.37, P = 0.08), MUFA and Dec. RMR in adjusted model (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.21–1.10, P = 0.08) and refined grain and Inc. RMR in crude model (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77–0.99, P = 0.04). Conclusion Our study showed that there is no association between a low-carb diet and RMR status but carbohydrate, MUFA, and refined grain had a significant relationship.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3394
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Purcell ◽  
Ryan J. Marker ◽  
Marc-Andre Cornier ◽  
Edward L. Melanson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass

Many breast cancer survivors (BCS) gain fat mass and lose fat-free mass during treatment (chemotherapy, radiation, surgery) and estrogen suppression therapy, which increases the risk of developing comorbidities. Whether these body composition alterations are a result of changes in dietary intake, energy expenditure, or both is unclear. Thus, we reviewed studies that have measured components of energy balance in BCS who have completed treatment. Longitudinal studies suggest that BCS reduce self-reported energy intake and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Although some evidence suggests that resting metabolic rate is higher in BCS than in age-matched controls, no study has measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in this population. Whether physical activity levels are altered in BCS is unclear, but evidence suggests that light-intensity physical activity is lower in BCS compared to age-matched controls. We also discuss the mechanisms through which estrogen suppression may impact energy balance and develop a theoretical framework of dietary intake and TDEE interactions in BCS. Preclinical and human experimental studies indicate that estrogen suppression likely elicits increased energy intake and decreased TDEE, although this has not been systematically investigated in BCS specifically. Estrogen suppression may modulate energy balance via alterations in appetite, fat-free mass, resting metabolic rate, and physical activity. There are several potential areas for future mechanistic energetic research in BCS (e.g., characterizing predictors of intervention response, appetite, dynamic changes in energy balance, and differences in cancer sub-types) that would ultimately support the development of more targeted and personalized behavioral interventions.

Effect of age on body composition and resting metabolic rate

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. E233-E238 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Fukagawa ◽  
L. G. Bandini ◽  
J. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Old Men

The relationship between fat-free mass (FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was compared in young men (n = 24; age 18-33 yr), old men (n = 24; 69-89 yr), and old women (n = 20; 67-75 yr). Body composition was assessed using anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and isotope dilution with 18O-labeled water. RMR was measured at least twice using an open-circuit indirect calorimetry system with a ventilated hood. The results indicate that the different methods for assessing body composition vary substantially and should not be used interchangeably. Anthropometry was not adequate to assess group differences in body fatness, although skinfold measures may be appropriate for within-group comparisons. BIA correlated well with the isotope-dilution technique and may be a useful measure of FFM. Finally, RMR was lower in the old men than the young (1.04 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.03 kcal/min, P less than 0.001) and remained lower even when adjusted for FFM estimated by isotope dilution (P less than 0.001). RMR in the women was also lower (0.84 +/- 0.02 kcal/min), but in contrast to the difference between young and old men, RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ (P = 0.16) between old men and women. Therefore, it is clear that differences in FFM cannot fully account for the lower RMR in the old, suggesting that aging is associated with an alteration in tissue energy metabolism.

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