Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermic Effect of a Meal in Low- and Adequate-Energy Intake Male Endurance Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Thompson ◽  
Melinda M. Manore ◽  
James S. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Thermic Effect

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were determined in 13 low-energy intake (LOW) and 11 adequate-energy intake (ADQ) male endurance athletes. The LOW athletes reported eating 1,490 kcal·day-1less than the ADQ group, while the activity level of both groups was similar. Despite these differences, both groups had a similar fat-free mass (FFM) and had been weight stable for at least 2 years. The RMR was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the LOW group compared to the values of the ADQ group (1.19 vs. 1.29 kcal·FFM-1·hr-l, respectively); this difference represents a lower resting expenditure of 158 kcal·day-1. No differences were found in TEM between the two groups. These results suggest that a lower RMR is one mechanism that contributes to weight maintenance in a group of low- versus adequate-energy intake male athletes.

Impact of body fat mass and percent fat on metabolic rate and thermogenesis in men

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (5) ◽  
pp. E573-E579 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Segal ◽  
I. Lacayanga ◽  
A. Dunaif ◽  
B. Gutin ◽  
F. X. Pi-Sunyer
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Thermic Effect Of Food ◽  
Group A ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Thermic Effect

To clarify further the independent relationships of body composition parameters to energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and postprandial thermogenesis were studied in four groups who were matched for absolute fat mass (study 1) and relative fatness (study 2). In study 1, five lean [group A, 15.4 +/- 0.6% (+/- SE) body fat] and five obese men (group B, 25.0 +/- 0.9% fat) were matched on body fat mass (13.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 14.4 +/- 0.8 kg, respectively). Fat-free mass (FFM) and total weight were greater for group A than B. RMR was measured for 3 h in the fasted state and after a 720-kcal mixed meal. RMR was greater for group A than B (1.38 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.14 +/- 0.04 kcal/min, P less than 0.05). The thermic effect of food, calculated as 3 h postprandial minus fasting RMR, was greater for group A than B (65 +/- 6 vs. 23 +/- 9 kcal/3 h; P less than 0.05). In study 2, two groups (n = 6 men/group) were matched for percent body fat (33 +/- 1% fat for both) but differed in lean, fat, and total weights: 50.8 +/- 3.1 kg FFM for the lighter (group C) vs. 68.0 +/- 2.8 kg FFM for the heavier (group D) group, P less than 0.05. RMR was lower for group C than D (1.17 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.33 +/- 0.04 kcal/min, P less than 0.05), but the thermic effect of food was not significantly different (31 +/- 3 vs. 20 +/- 6 kcal/3 h).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptation is associated with less weight and fat mass loss in response to low-energy diets

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Jessica Roekenes ◽  
Barbara A. Gower ◽  
Gary R. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Dietary Adherence ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography

Abstract Background The practical relevance of metabolic adaptation remains a controversial issue. To the best of our knowledge, no study has properly evaluated the role of metabolic adaptation in modulating weight loss outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), and weight and fat mass (FM) loss after low-energy diets (LED), after adjusting for dietary adherence and other confounders. Methods 71 individuals with obesity (BMI: 34.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; age: 45.4 ± 8.2 years; 33 males) were randomized to one of three 1000 kcal/day diets for 8 weeks. Body weight, FM and fat-free mass (FFM) (air displacement plethysmography), RMR (indirect calorimetry) and physical activity level (PAL) (armbands) were measured at baseline and at week 9. Metabolic adaptation at week 9 was defined as measured RMR minus predicted RMR at week 9. An equation to predict RMR was derived from baseline data of all participants that were part of this analysis and included age, sex, FM and FFM as predictors. Dietary adherence was calculated from RMR, PAL and body composition changes. Linear regression was used to assess the potential role of metabolic adaptation in predicting weight and FM loss after adjusting for dietary adherence, average PAL, sex, baseline FM and FFM and randomization group. Results Participants lost on average 14 ± 4 kg of body weight (13 ± 3%) and presented with metabolic adaptation (−92 ± 110 kcal/day, P < 0.001). Metabolic adaptation was a significant predictor of both weight (β = −0.009, P < 0.001) and FM loss (β = −0.008, P < 0.001), even after adjusting for confounders (R2 = 0.88, 0.93, respectively, P < 0.001 for both). On average, an increase in metabolic adaptation of 50 kcal/day was associated with a 0.5 kg lower weight and FM loss in response to the LED. Conclusion In individuals with obesity, metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR is associated with less weight and FM loss in response to LED. Trial registration ID: NCT02944253.

scholarly journals Resting metabolic rate, fat-free mass and catecholamine excretion during weight loss in female obese patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Menozzi ◽  
M. Bondi ◽  
A. Baldini ◽  
M. G. Venneri ◽  
A. Velardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Maintenance Period ◽  
Sympathoadrenal System

The reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) during weight loss exceeds that accounted for by changes in body composition by 15%, suggesting that factors other than fat-free mass (FFM) explain the metabolic adaptation during food restriction in obesity. Our study aimed to establish if changes in the sympathoadrenal system activity, as inferred from an integrated measure such as 24 h urinary excretion of catecholamines, may play a role in the RMR adaptation observed during dietary restriction in obese patients. Ninety-three obese female subjects consumed a low-energy diet (LED) (2930 kJ/d (700 kcal/d)) for a 3-week period. At the beginning and at the end of the study, 24 h urinary excretion of catecholamines, FFM and RMR were measured. The LED induced a significant reduction in body weight (-3·3 (SEM 0·4) KG; P < 0·01), FFM (-1·9 (sem 0·7) kg; P < 0·01) and in the fat mass (-1·2 (sem 0·5) kg; P < 0·01). Noradrenalin excretion (24 h) decreased during the LED from 264 (sem 26) during a weight-maintenance period to 171 (sem 19) nmol/24 h after consumption of the LED for 3 weeks (P < 0·001); mean 24 h adrenalin excretion did not change during the LED (22 (sem 3) during the weight-maintenance period v. 21 (sem 3) nmol/24 h after consumption of the LED for 3 weeks; NS). The LED induced a significant decrease in RMR (7300 (sem 218) v. 6831 (sem 138) kJ/24 h; P < 0·001). The only independent variable that significantly explained variations in RMR both before and after consumption of the LED for 3 weeks, was FFM (r2 0·79 and r2 0·80 respectively). Urinary noradrenalin excretion explained a further 4 % of the variability in RMR, but only before the diet, so that a role of sympathoadrenal system on RMR seems to be present in obese patients in basal conditions but not at the end of the LED.

Decreased Resting Metabolic Rate in Ballet Dancers with Menstrual Irregularity

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn H. Myburgh ◽  
Claire Berman ◽  
Illana Novick ◽  
Timothy D. Noakes ◽  
Estelle V. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Menstrual Irregularity ◽  
Ballet Dancers ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormone

We studied 21 ballet dancers aged 19.4 ± 1.4 years, hypothesizing that undernu-trition was a major factor in menstrual irregularity in this population. Menstrual history was determined by questionnaire. Eight dancers had always been regular (R). Thirteen subjects had a history of menstrual irregularity (HI). Of these, 2 were currently regularly menstruating, 3 had short cycles, 6 were oligomenorrheic, and 2 were amenorrheic. Subjects completed a weighed dietary record and an Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). The following physiological parameters were measured: body composition by anthropometry, resting metabolic rate (RMR) by open-circuit indirect calorimetry, and serum thyroid hormone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. R subjects had significantly higher RMR than HI subjects. Also, HI subjects had lower RMR than predicted by fat-free mass, compared to the R subjects. Neitherreported energy intake nor serum thyroid hormone concentrations were different between R and HI subjects. EAT scores varied and were not different between groups. We concluded that in ballet dancers, low RMR is more strongly associated with menstrual irregularity than is currentreported energy intake or serum thyroid hormone concentrations.

scholarly journals The biology of appetite control: Do resting metabolic rate and fat-free mass drive energy intake?

2015 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Blundell ◽  
G. Finlayson ◽  
C. Gibbons ◽  
P. Caudwell ◽  
M. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Appetite Control

scholarly journals Current Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations Are Not Sufficient to Determine Proper Resting Energy Expenditure in Olympic Young Adult National Team Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aydın Balci ◽  
Ebru Arslanoğlu Badem ◽  
Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz ◽  
Aslı Devrim-Lanpir ◽  
Bihter Akınoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
National Team ◽  
Resting Energy

Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine athletes’ resting energy expenditure (REE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict REE in the athletic populations. The purpose of the study was to compare 12 prediction equations (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Cunningham, Owen, Liu’s, De Lorenzo) with measured RMR in Turkish national team athletes and sedentary controls. A total of 97 participants, 49 athletes (24 females, 25 males), and 48 sedentary (28 females, 20 males), were recruited from Turkey National Olympic Teams at the Ministry of Youth and Sports. RMR was measured using a Fitmate GS (Cosmed, Italy). The results of each 12 prediction formulas were compared with the measured RMR using paired t-test. The Bland-Altman plot was performed to determine the mean bias and limits of agreement between measured and predicted RMRs. Stratification according to sex, the measured RMR was greater in athletes compared to controls. The closest equation to the RMR measured by Fitmate GS was the Harris-Benedict equation in male athletes (mean difference -8.9 (SD 257.5) kcal/day), and Liu’s equation [mean difference -16.7 (SD 195.0) kcal/day] in female athletes. However, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) results indicated that all equations, including Harris-Benedict for male athletes (ICC = 0.524) and Liu’s for female athletes (ICC = 0.575), had a moderate reliability compared to the measured RMR. In sedentary subjects, the closest equation to the measured RMR is the Nelson equation in males, with the lowest RMSE value of 118 kcal/day [mean difference: 10.1 (SD 117.2) kJ/day], whereas, in females, all equations differ significantly from the measured RMR. While Nelson (ICC = 0.790) had good and Owen (ICC = 0.722) and Mifflin (calculated using fat-free mass) (ICC = 0.700) had moderate reliability in males, all predictive equations showed poor reliability in females. The results indicate that the predictive RMR equations failed to accurately predict RMR levels in the participants. Therefore, it may not suitable to use them in determining total energy expenditure.

Limits to sustainable human metabolic rate

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (18) ◽  
pp. 3183-3187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Mount Everest ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Energy Mobilization ◽  
Access To Food

SUMMARY There is a limit to the performance of an organism set by energy intake and energy mobilization. Here, the focus is on humans with unlimited access to food and for whom physical activity can be limited by energy mobilization. The physical activity level (PAL) in the general population, calculated as doubly-labelled-water-assessed average daily metabolic rate as a multiple of basal metabolic rate, has an upper limit of 2.2–2.5. The upper limit of sustainable metabolic rate is approximately twice as high in endurance athletes, mainly because of long-term exercise training with simultaneous consumption of carbohydrate-rich food during exercise. Endurance athletes have an increased fat-free mass and can maintain energy balance at a PAL value of 4.0–5.0. High altitude limits exercise performance as a result of combined effects on nutrient supply and the capacity to process nutrients. Thus, trained subjects climbing Mount Everest reached PAL values of 2.0–2.7, well below the observed upper limit at sea level.

scholarly journals Metabolic Adaptation is Associated With Less Weight and Fat Mass Loss in Response to Low-Energy Diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Jessica Roekenes ◽  
Barbara Gower ◽  
Gary Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Dietary Adherence ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Weight Loss Outcomes

Abstract Background: The practical relevance of metabolic adaptation remains a controversial issue. To the best of our knowledge, no study has properly evaluated the role of metabolic adaptation in modulating weight loss outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), and weight and fat mass (FM) loss after low-energy diets (LED), after adjusting for dietary adherence and other confounders. Methods: 71 individuals with obesity (BMI: 34.6±3.4 kg/m2; age: 45.4±8.2 years; 33 males) were randomized to one of three 1000 kcal/day diets for 8 weeks. Body weight, FM and fat-free mass (FFM) (air displacement plethysmography), RMR (indirect calorimetry) and physical activity level (PAL) (armbands) were measured at baseline and at week 9. Metabolic adaptation at week 9 was defined as measured – predicted RMR (using own regression model). Dietary adherence was calculated from RMR, PAL and body composition changes. Linear regression was used to assess the potential role of metabolic adaptation in predicting weight and FM loss after adjusting for dietary adherence, average PAL, sex, baseline FM and FFM and randomization group.Results: Participants lost on average 14±4 kg (13±3%) and presented with metabolic adaptation (-92±110 kcal/day, P<0.001). Metabolic adaptation was a significant predictor of both weight and FM loss (β=-0.01, P<0.001 for both), even after adjusting for confounders (R2=0.88, 0.93, respectively, P<0.001 for both). On average, an increase in metabolic adaptation of 50 kcal/day was associated with a 0.5 kg lower weight and FM loss in response to the LED. Conclusion: In individuals with obesity, metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR is associated with less weight and FM loss in response to LED. Trial registration ID: NCT02944253

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