The Yo-Yo Test: Reliability and Association with a 20-m Shuttle Run and VO2max

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Thomas ◽  
Brian Dawson ◽  
Carmel Goodman
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Shuttle Run

Purpose:The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of yo-yo intermittent recovery test (yo-yo) scores and their degree of association with a 20-m shuttle run (20MSR) and VO2max values.Methods:Subjects were elite (Australian Football League [AFL], n = 23), state-level (hockey, n = 15, and cricket, n = 27), and recreational team-sport players (n = 33). All performed a 20MSR and the yo-yo at either level 1 (recreational and state level) or level 2 (AFL). A recreational subgroup (n = 19) also performed a treadmill VO2max test.Results:Test–retest results found the yo-yo (levels 1 and 2) to be reliable (ICC = .86 to .95). The 20MSR and yo-yo level 1 scores correlated (P < .01) in the recreational (r = .81 to .83) and state-level groups (r = .84 to .86), and 20MSR and yo-yo level 2 scores, in the elite (r = .86) and recreational groups (r = .55 to .57). The VO2max and yo-yo level 1 scores in the recreational group correlated (P < .01, r = .87), but no association was found with yo-yo level 2 (r = .40 to .43, non significant).Conclusions:We conclude that level 1 (recreational and state level) and level 2 (elite) yo-yo scores were both strongly associated with 20MSR scores and VO2max (level 1: recreational subjects only). The yo-yo appears to measure aerobic fitness similarly to the 20MSR but may also be used as a field test of the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts.

scholarly journals Are small-sided games an effective training methodology for improving fitness in hurling players? A comparative study of training methodologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Malone ◽  
Brian Hughes ◽  
Kieran D Collins
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Level 2

The current investigation compared the effects of specific small-sided games training versus generic continuous aerobic training on team sport related exercise performances. Forty-eight hurling players (age: 25 ± 6.4 years; height: 180.2 ± 20.4 cm; mass: 80.5 ± 3.2 kg; [Formula: see text]: 58.78 ± 3.05 ml·kg·min−1) completed either traditional continuous aerobic training ( n = 24) or team sport-specific small-sided game training ( n = 24), consisting of 4 × 4 min with 3-min active recovery periods completed twice per week. The following outcomes were measured at baseline (pre) and after 10 weeks (post): maximum oxygen uptake (ml·kg−1·min−1), running economy (ml·kg−1·min−1), maximal aerobic speed (km·h−1), Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (m), Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (m), repeated sprint ability (RSA; s), linear sprint speed over 5, 10 and 20 m (s) and counter-movement jump performance (cm). Training load was quantified by heart rate and rating of perceived exertion during all training sessions with no significant difference between groups ( P = 0.12). Small-sided game ( P = 0.002; d = 1.72; likely beneficial) had a likely beneficial effect for improving running economy (ml·kg−1·min−1) in contrast to the unclear effect for continuous training ( P = 0.94; d = 0.21; unclear). Small-sided game ( P = 0.04; d = 0.80; likely beneficial) had a likely beneficial effect for changes in RSAb (s) and RSAt (s) with these being in contrast to the likely negative effect for continuous training on similar measures ( P = 0.12; d = −2.01; likely negative). Continuous training had a trivial ( P = 0.72; d = 0.30; trivial) effect on Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (m) performance in contrast to the likely beneficial effect seen for small-sided game ( P = 0.002; d = 1.72; likely beneficial). Small-sided game ( P = 0.001; d = 1.69; likely beneficial) resulted in a likely beneficial effect for Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (m) performance with a likely negative effect for continuous training ( P = 0.004; d = −2.40; likely negative). The current study suggests that small-sided games are a time efficient and effective method of improving fitness characteristics within hurling cohorts.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Structured Activity and Deliberate Play to the Development of Expert Perceptual and Decision-Making Skill

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Berry ◽  
Bruce Abernethy ◽  
Jean Côté
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Structured Activities ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Deliberate Play

The developmental histories of 32 players in the Australian Football League (AFL), independently classified as either expert or less skilled in their perceptual and decision-making skills, were collected through a structured interview process and their year-on-year involvement in structured and deliberate play activities retrospectively determined. Despite being drawn from the same elite level of competition, the expert decision-makers differed from the less skilled in having accrued, during their developing years, more hours of experience in structured activities of all types, in structured activities in invasion-type sports, in invasion-type deliberate play, and in invasion activities from sports other than Australian football. Accumulated hours invested in invasion-type activities differentiated between the groups, suggesting that it is the amount of invasion-type activity that is experienced and not necessarily intent (skill development or fun) or specificity that facilitates the development of perceptual and decision-making expertise in this team sport.

Team-Sport Athletes’ Improvement of Performance on the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2, but Not of Time-Trial Performance, With Intermittent Hypoxic Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew W.H. Inness ◽  
François Billaut ◽  
Robert J. Aughey
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxic Training ◽  
Hypoxic Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Level 2

Purpose:To determine the time course for physical-capacity adaptations to intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) in team-sport athletes and the time course for benefits remaining after IHT.Methods:A pre–post parallel-groups design was employed, with 21 Australian footballers assigned to IHT (n = 10) or control (CON; n = 11) matched for training load. IHT performed eleven 40-min bike sessions at 2500-m altitude over 4 wk. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) was performed before; after 3, 6, and 11 IHT sessions; and 30 and 44 d after IHT. Repeated time trials (2- and 1-km TTs, with 5 min rest) were performed before, after, and 3 wk after IHT. Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was measured in IHT before and after 3, 6, 9, and 11 sessions.Results:Baseline Yo-Yo IR2 was similar between groups. After 6 sessions, the change in Yo-Yo IR2 in IHT was very likely higher than CON (27% greater change, effect size 0.77, 90% confidence limits 0.20;1.33) and likely higher 1 d after IHT (23%, 0.68, 0.05;1.30). The IHT group’s change remained likely higher than CON 30 d after IHT (24%, 0.72, 0.12;1.33) but was not meaningfully different 44 d after (12%, 0.36, –0.24;0.97). The change in 2-km TT performance between groups was not different throughout. For 1-km TT, CON improved more after IHT, but IHT maintained performance better after 3 wk. Hbmass was higher after IHT (2.7%, 0.40, –0.40;1.19).Conclusion:Short-duration IHT increased Yo-Yo IR2 compared with training-load-matched controls in 2 wk. An additional 2 wk of IHT provided no further benefit. These changes remained until at least 30 d posttraining. IHT also protected improvement in 1-km TT.

Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Team-Sport Athletes Using a Cycle-Ergometer Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wehbe ◽  
Tim Gabbett ◽  
Dan Dwyer ◽  
Christopher McLellan ◽  
Sam Coad
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Test ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Rules Football ◽  
Australian Football

Purpose:To compare a novel sprint test on a cycle ergometer with a countermovement-jump (CMJ) test for monitoring neuromuscular fatigue after Australian rules football match play.Methods:Twelve elite under-18 Australian rules football players (mean ± SD age 17.5 ± 0.6 y, stature 184.7 ± 8.8 cm, body mass 75.3 ± 7.8 kg) from an Australian Football League club’s Academy program performed a short sprint test on a cycle ergometer along with a single CMJ test 1 h prematch and 1, 24, and 48 h postmatch. The cycle-ergometer sprint test involved a standardized warm-up, a maximal 6-s sprint, a 1-min active recovery, and a 2nd maximal 6-s sprint, with the highest power output of the 2 sprints recorded as peak power (PP).Results:There were small to moderate differences between postmatch changes in cycle-ergometer PP and CMJ PP at 1 (ES = 0.49), 24 (ES = –0.85), and 48 h postmatch (ES = 0.44). There was a substantial reduction in cycle-ergometer PP at 24 h postmatch (ES = –0.40) compared with 1 h prematch.Conclusions:The cycle-ergometer sprint test described in this study offers a novel method of neuromuscular-fatigue monitoring in team-sport athletes and specifically quantifies the concentric component of the fatigue-induced decrement of force production in muscle, which may be overlooked by a CMJ test.

scholarly journals Autism Screening in Early Childhood: Discriminating Autism From Other Developmental Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Brewer ◽  
Robyn L. Young ◽  
Carmen A. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Test Administration ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Level 2

Early identification of autism, followed by appropriate intervention, has the potential to improve outcomes for autistic individuals. Numerous screening instruments have been developed for children under 3 years of age. Level 1 screeners are used in large-scale screening to detect at-risk children in the general population; Level 2 screeners are concerned with distinguishing children with signs of autism from those with other developmental problems. The focus here is evaluation of Level 2 screeners. However, given the contributions of Level 1 screeners and the necessity to understand how they might interface with Level 2 screeners, we briefly review Level 1 screeners and consider instrument characteristics and system variables that may constrain their effectiveness. The examination of Level 2 screeners focuses on five instruments associated with published evaluations in peer-reviewed journals. Key criteria encompass the traditional indices of test integrity such as test reliability (inter-rater, test-retest) and construct validity, including concurrent and predictive validity, sensitivity (SE), and specificity (SP). These evaluations reveal limitations, including inadequate sample sizes, reliability issues, and limited involvement of independent researchers. Also lacking are comparative test evaluations under standardized conditions, hindering interpretation of differences in discriminative performance across instruments. Practical considerations constraining the use of such instruments—such as the requirements for training in test administration and test administration time—are canvassed. Published Level 2 screener short forms are reviewed and, as a consequence of that evaluation, future directions for assessing the discriminative capacity of items and measures are suggested. Suggested priorities for future research include targeting large and diverse samples to permit robust appraisals of Level 2 items and scales across the 12–36 month age range, a greater focus on precise operationalization of items and response coding to enhance reliability, ongoing exploration of potentially discriminating items at the younger end of the targeted age range, and trying to unravel the complexities of developmental trajectories in autistic infants. Finally, we emphasize the importance of understanding how screening efficacy is dependent on clinicians' and researchers' ability not only to develop screening tests but also to negotiate the complex organizational systems within which screening procedures must be implemented.

scholarly journals Differences in Physiological Characterization between Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 and Level 2 in Japanese College Soccer Players

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ya Ueda ◽  
Akira Yamanaka ◽  
Takahiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Katsura ◽  
Tatsuya Usui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Players ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Test Level ◽  
Level 2

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH STATISTIKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Aunur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan komunikasi matematis mahasiswa terhadap pemahaman statistika. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa hasil pekerjaan tes tertulis tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis dan wawancara terhadap subjek penelitian. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan tes dan wawancara. Uji keabsahan data yang digunakan adalah triangulasi. Data penelitan yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan analisis data non statistik yang terdiri dari tiga alur, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1) Terdapat 5 mahasiswa yang berada pada level 0 (sangat kurang baik); 2) 24 mahasiswa berada pada level 1 (kurang baik); 3) 6 mahasiswa berada pada level 2 (cukup baik); Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memacu individu lain untuk melakukan penelitian yang lebih baik dan mendalam tentang kemampuan komunikasi matematis.

EVALUASI PELATIHAN DI PT. PUPUK KUJANG CIKAMPEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Training Evaluation ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
A Company ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Evaluation Sheet ◽  
Assessment Factor

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.

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