Force-Production Asymmetry in Male and Female Athletes of Differing Strength Levels

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Bailey ◽  
Kimitake Sato ◽  
Angus Burnett ◽  
Michael H. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Strength Testing ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Absolute Strength ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Production Asymmetry

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the existence of bilateral strength and force-production asymmetry and evaluate possible differences based on sex, as well as strength level. Asymmetry was assessed during weight-distribution (WtD) testing, unloaded and lightly loaded static- (SJ) and countermovement-jump (CMJ) testing, and isometric midthigh-pull (IMTP) strength testing. Subjects included 63 athletes (31 male, 32 female) for WtD, SJ, and CMJ tests, while 129 athletes (64 male, 65 female) participated in IMTP testing. Independent-samples t tests were used to determine possible differences in asymmetry magnitude between males and females, as well as between strong and weak athletes. Cohen d effect-size (ES) estimates were also used to estimate difference magnitudes. Statistically different asymmetry levels with moderate to strong ESs were seen between males and females in WtD, 0-kg SJ (peak force [PF]), 20-kg SJ (peak power [PP]), 0-kg CMJ (PF, PP, net impulse), and 20-kg CMJ (PF), but no statistical differences were observed in IMTP variables. Dividing the sample into strong and weak groups produced statistically significant differences with strong ES estimates in IMTP PF and rate of force development, and many ESs in jump symmetry variables increased. The results of this investigation indicate that females may be more prone to producing forces asymmetrically than males during WtD and jumping tasks. Similarly, weaker athletes displayed more asymmetry than stronger athletes. This may indicate that absolute strength may play a larger role in influencing asymmetry magnitude than sex.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Isometric Midthigh Pull and Isometric Squat: Intraday Reliability, Usefulness, and the Magnitude of Difference Between Tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 844-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire J. Brady ◽  
Andrew J. Harrison ◽  
Eamonn P. Flanagan ◽  
G. Gregory Haff ◽  
Thomas M. Comyns
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

Purpose: To examine the reliability and usefulness of the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and isometric squat (ISqT) performed at the same knee and hip angles. The scores produced in each test were compared to determine the magnitude of differences between tests. Methods: Twenty-six male and female athletes (age, 23.6 [4.3] y; height, 1.75 [0.07] m; and body mass, 68.8 [9.7] kg) performed 2 maximal repetitions of the IMTP and ISqT following a specific warm-up. Results: Maximum force, absolute peak force (PF), relative PF, allometrically scaled PF, rate of force development (0–200 and 0–250 ms), and impulse (0–300 ms) were deemed reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥.86 and coefficient of variation [CV] ≤9.4%) in the IMTP and ISqT based on predetermined criteria (ICC ≥.8 and CV ≤10%). Impulse (0–200 and 0–250 ms) was reliable in the ISqT (ICC ≥.92 and CV ≤9.9%). Participants produced significantly (P < .05) greater PF and impulse (0–300 ms) during the ISqT compared with the IMTP. When split by sex, female participants produced significantly greater PF (P = .042) during the ISqT, with no significant differences among male participants (P = .245). Both tests are capable of detecting changes in performance in maximum force and absolute PF. Conclusions: Both tests are reliable for non-time-dependent maximal strength measures when measured at the same knee and hip angles. The ISqT may be preferred when coaches want to test an athlete’s true maximum lower-limb strength, especially female athletes.

The effects of vertically oriented resistance training on golf drive performance in collegiate golfers

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin R Driggers ◽  
Kimitake Sato
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Division I ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Vertical Jumps

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vertically oriented resistance training on golf driving performance. Ten Division-I collegiate golfers completed two resistance training sessions per week for 10 weeks during the fall tournament season. Pre- and post-training assessments of strength-power and golf performance were compared. To assess strength-power, jump height, peak force, and peak power were measured from static and countermovement vertical jumps; peak force and rate of force development from 0 to 250 ms were measured from an isometric mid-thigh pull. Golf performance was assessed in terms of ball launch speed, spin rate, carry yardage, and total yardage, averaged from five shots using a driver. Following training, all measures of strength-power improved, with countermovement jump peak power improving significantly ( p < 0.00625). The golf performance assessment indicated significant increases ( p < 0.0125) in ball speed, carry yardage, and total yardage. These results suggest that vertically oriented resistance training can improve golf driving performance.

scholarly journals Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on strength, muscular endurance and cognitive performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raci Karayigit ◽  
Ajmol Ali ◽  
Sajjad Rezaei ◽  
Gulfem Ersoz ◽  
Angel Lago-Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

Abstract Background Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been shown to enhance endurance and sprint performance. However, the effects of CHO and CAF mouth rinsing on muscular and cognitive performance in comparison between male and female athletes are less well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CHO and CAF rinsing on squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, 3 sets of 40% of 1-RM muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both male and female athletes. Methods Thirteen male and fourteen female resistance-trained participants completed four testing sessions following the rinsing of 25 ml of i) 6% of CHO (1.5 g); ii) 2% CAF (500 mg), iii) combined CHO and CAF (CHOCAF) solutions or iv) water (PLA) for 10 s. Heart rate (HR), felt arousal (FA), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded throughout the test protocol. Results There were no significant differences in squat and bench press 1-RM, HR, RPE and GLU (p > 0.05) for males and females, respectively. FA was significantly increased with CAF (p = 0.04, p = 0.01) and CHOCAF (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) condition in both males and females, respectively. Squat endurance performance in the first set was significantly increased with CHOCAF condition compared to PLA in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.02). Bench press endurance was similar for all conditions in both genders (p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was significantly increased with CHOCAF compared to PLA in males (p = 0.03) and females (p = 0.02). Conclusion Combined CHO and CAF mouth rinsing significantly improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both males and females.

Effects of Drop Jumps on 1000-m Performance Time and Pacing in Elite Male and Female Endurance Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Boullosa ◽  
César C.C. Abad ◽  
Valter P. Reis ◽  
Victor Fernandes ◽  
Claudio Castilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Endurance Runners

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of drop jumps (DJs) on performance time and pacing in a field test (ie, 1000 m) commonly used to evaluate endurance runners and to evaluate running and jumping performance in male and female athletes separately. Methods: Twenty elite endurance runners (male, n = 10, 27.8 [7.0] y, 62.3 [5.2] kg; female, n = 10, 25.9 [5.3] y, 51.7 [4.1] kg) competing in middle- and long-distance events participated in this study. After determination of the box height associated with the best reactive strength index, athletes randomly performed a warm-up with or without the inclusion of 5 DJs with the highest reactive strength index prior to a 1000-m track test. Performance time and pacing (250-m splits) were determined. Countermovement-jump heights at different time points and blood lactate concentration after running tests were also recorded. Results: A “possible” faster 1000-m time (162.4 vs 165.3 s) with a “very likely” faster first split (38.8 vs 40.3 s) was observed in male athletes in the DJ condition. In contrast, female athletes showed a “possible” slower running time (186.8 vs 184.8 s) and a “likely” greater blood lactate concentration after the 1000-m test in the DJ condition. Male and female athletes presented greater countermovement-jump performances after warm-up and running tests in both conditions. Conclusions: The inclusion of 5 DJs with the height associated with the best reactive strength index induced a “possible” improvement in 1000-m performance time in elite male endurance runners. The current protocol should be avoided in female athletes.

Attitudes of Male and Female Athletes Toward Male and Female Coaches

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weinberg ◽  
Margie Reveles ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Role Socialization ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Coaches

This investigation was done to gather some exploratory data concerning the attitudes and feelings of male and female college, high school, and junior high school varsity basketball players toward having a female coach versus a male coach. Subjects (N = 85) indicated their attitudes for playing for a hypothetical male or female coach (randomly assigned to condition) in a 2 x 2 (sex of athlete x sex of coach) between-subjects design. They were instructed to complete a questionnaire consisting of 11 items that tapped their attitudes and feelings toward a new coach. Identical background information was provided to subjects concerning the qualifications of the coach, the only difference being that for one group of subjects the coach was said to be female whereas for the other group of subjects the coach was said to be a male. Results were analyzed by a MANOVA and indicated significant interactions on seven questions, with simple main effects consistently indicating that males displayed more negative attitudes toward female coaches than did females while males and females did not differ in their view of male coaches. Results are discussed in terms of sex-role socialization patterns for males and females.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Changes in Physical Performance, Well-Being, and Neuromuscular Function of Elite Touch Players During a 4-Day International Tournament

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1138-1146
Author(s):  
Nick Dobbin ◽  
Cari Thorpe ◽  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Craig Twist
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neuromuscular Function ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Males And Females

Purpose: To examine the within- and between-sexes physical performance, well-being, and neuromuscular function responses across a 4-day international touch rugby (Touch) tournament. Methods: Twenty-one males and 20 females completed measures of well-being (fatigue, soreness, sleep, mood, and stress) and neuromuscular function (countermovement jump height, peak power output, and peak force) during a 4-day tournament with internal, external, and perceptual loads recorded for all matches. Results: Relative and absolute total, low-intensity (females), and high-intensity distance were lower on day 3 (males and females) (effect size [ES] = −0.37 to −0.71) compared with day 1. Mean heart rate was possibly to most likely lower during the tournament (except day 2 males; ES = −0.36 to −0.74), whereas rating of perceived exertion-training load was consistently higher in females (ES = 0.02 to 0.83). The change in mean fatigue, soreness, and overall well-being was unclear to most likely lower (ES = −0.33 to −1.90) across the tournament for both sexes, with greater perceived fatigue and soreness in females on days 3 to 4 (ES = 0.39 to 0.78). Jump height and peak power output were possibly to most likely lower across days 2 to 4 (ES = −0.30 to −0.84), with greater reductions in females (ES = 0.21 to 0.66). Well-being, countermovement jump height, and peak force were associated with changes in external, internal, and perceptual measures of load across the tournament (η2 = −.37 to .39). Conclusions: Elite Touch players experience reductions in well-being, neuromuscular function, and running performance across a 4-day tournament, with notable differences in fatigue and running between males and females, suggesting that sex-specific monitoring and intervention strategies are necessary.

scholarly journals Unilateral Maximal Isometric Hex Bar Pull Test: Within-Session Reliability and Lower Body Force Production in Male and Female Freeski Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan McPhail ◽  
Basílio A. M. Gonçalves ◽  
Jörg Spörri ◽  
Vesa Linnamo
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
National Team ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the study was to (1) assess the within-session reliability of a unilateral isometric hex bar pull (UIHBP) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test and, (2) determine unilateral isometric absolute peak force (PFabs) and relative peak force (PF) values in freeski athletes. Twenty-one male and eight female academy to national team freeskiers performed the novel UIHBP MVC task on a force plate and PFabs and relative PF were assessed (1000 Hz). Within-session measures of PFabs offered high reliability on left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.91–0.94, CV = 2.6–2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.94–0.94, CV = 1.4–1.6%), while relative PF measures showed good to high reliability in both left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.8–0.84, CV = 2.6–2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.92–0.90, CV = 1.4–1.7%). We observed significantly lower PFabs (p &lt; 0.001) and relative PF (p &lt; 0.001) in females compared to males. No statistical difference was found between left and right limbs in males and females in PFabs (p = 0.98) and relative PF measures (p = 0.93). The UIHBP MVC test appears to be a reliable method for assessing PFabs and relative PF in male and female freeski athletes.

scholarly journals Countermovement jump performance in elite male and female sprinters and high jumpers

2020 ◽  
pp. 175433712097143
Author(s):  
Lydia Kate Philpott ◽  
Stephanie E Forrester ◽  
Katherine AJ van Lopik ◽  
Steven Hayward ◽  
Paul P Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mass Position

Countermovement jumps (CMJs) are widely used in athlete training, performance monitoring and research as an indicator of power output. Despite extensive scientific research on CMJs, data for elite track and field athletes is limited, particularly for non-sprint events and female athletes. The purpose of this study was threefold: (i) to compare CMJ performance between elite sprinters and high jumpers; (ii) to compare CMJ performance between elite male and female athletes in these two events; and (iii) to determine which CMJ take-off parameters correlated most strongly with jump height. Twenty-seven elite athletes (sprinters: nine male and seven female; high jumpers: five male and six female) completed three maximal CMJs. Jump height and take-off phase parameters were obtained from the force–time data and compared between groups; additionally, time series comparisons were performed on the force, power and displacement data. There was no difference in jump height or any of the take-off parameters between the sprinters and high jumpers; however, the time series analysis indicated that the sprinters maintained a lower centre of mass position during the latter concentric phase. The male athletes jumped higher than the female athletes (by 10.0 cm or 24.2%; p < 0.001) with significantly greater body weight normalised peak power (17.9%, p = 0.002) and significantly shorter eccentric time (17.4%, p = 0.035). Jump height was most strongly correlated with peak power. In addition, jump height was also strongly correlated with positive impulse and both minimum and mean concentric centre of mass position. These results support the importance of accounting for event and gender when investigating CMJ performance.

scholarly journals PREDICTING MAXIMAL COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP HEIGHT FROM UPRIGHT AND SQUAT POSITIONS HEAD TITLE: UPRIGHT AND SQUAT MAXIMUM JUMP HEIGHT PREDICTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2021) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
David N. Suprak ◽  
◽  
Tal Amasay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Power ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
Rate Of Force Development ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Height Prediction

Introduction. Countermovement jump is common in sport and testing and performed from various starting positions. Little is known about effective contributors to maximal countermovement jump height from various starting positions. Purpose and Objectives. Determine effective jump height predictors and effect of starting position on countermovement jump height. Applied Methodology. Forty-nine collegiate athletes performed maximal height countermovement jumps from upright and squatting positions with arm movement. Several variables were calculated from kinetic data. Correlation and regression determined variables related to and predictive of jump height in both conditions. Paired t-tests evaluated differences in jump height. Achieved Major Results. Upright condition jump height positively correlated with peak force and power, eccentric and concentric impulses, and countermovement depth. Jump height prediction included peak force and power, and eccentric and concentric impulses. Squat condition jump height positively correlated with peak force and power, mean rate of force development, force generated at the beginning of propulsion, and concentric impulse. Jump height prediction equation included mean rate of force development, force at the beginning of propulsion, and peak power. Jump height was higher in the upright condition. Conclusions. Higher jumps are achieved from the upright position. Peak force, peak power, and concentric and eccentric impulses best contribute to upright jump height. Mean rate of force development, force at the beginning of propulsion, and peak power best predicted squat jump height. Limitations. We did not restrict arm movement, to encourage natural motion. Depth was not controlled, rather advising a comfortable depth. Subjects were recruited from various collegiate sports. Practical implications. Maximal jump height from various positions may be achieved through efforts to maximize jump peak power and increase musculotendinous loading in sport-specific starting positions. Originality/Value. This is the first study to explore the predictors of upright and squat countermovement jumps. These results can guide jump performance training.

Social Learning Theory as a Foundation for Examining Sex Bias in Evaluation of Coaches

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Williams ◽  
Bonnie L. Parkhouse
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Theory ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sex Bias ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Stereotypes ◽  
Males And Females

Sex bias in attitudes toward male and female basketball coaches was examined within a context of social learning theory to determine if the precepts of social learning theory help clarify exactly when and why differential attitudes toward males and females occur. More specifically, would having a male or female coach role model and participating on a winning or losing team mediate sex bias previously found when female athletes evaluate hypothetical coaches who vary in sex and status (defined by won/loss record and coaching honors)? In addition to evaluating written coaching philosophy statements from a hypothetical male and female coach with a successful or unsuccessful professional status, the subjects (N=80) were forced to choose which coach they would prefer to have as their own. Attitudes were mediated by both the sex of the athlete's own coach and successfulness of the athlete's team. There appears to be merit in future researchers examining the potential causes of sex stereotypes and bias within a context of social learning theory.

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