Effects of Drop Jumps on 1000-m Performance Time and Pacing in Elite Male and Female Endurance Runners

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Boullosa ◽  
César C.C. Abad ◽  
Valter P. Reis ◽  
Victor Fernandes ◽  
Claudio Castilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Endurance Runners

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of drop jumps (DJs) on performance time and pacing in a field test (ie, 1000 m) commonly used to evaluate endurance runners and to evaluate running and jumping performance in male and female athletes separately. Methods: Twenty elite endurance runners (male, n = 10, 27.8 [7.0] y, 62.3 [5.2] kg; female, n = 10, 25.9 [5.3] y, 51.7 [4.1] kg) competing in middle- and long-distance events participated in this study. After determination of the box height associated with the best reactive strength index, athletes randomly performed a warm-up with or without the inclusion of 5 DJs with the highest reactive strength index prior to a 1000-m track test. Performance time and pacing (250-m splits) were determined. Countermovement-jump heights at different time points and blood lactate concentration after running tests were also recorded. Results: A “possible” faster 1000-m time (162.4 vs 165.3 s) with a “very likely” faster first split (38.8 vs 40.3 s) was observed in male athletes in the DJ condition. In contrast, female athletes showed a “possible” slower running time (186.8 vs 184.8 s) and a “likely” greater blood lactate concentration after the 1000-m test in the DJ condition. Male and female athletes presented greater countermovement-jump performances after warm-up and running tests in both conditions. Conclusions: The inclusion of 5 DJs with the height associated with the best reactive strength index induced a “possible” improvement in 1000-m performance time in elite male endurance runners. The current protocol should be avoided in female athletes.

A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1109-1116
Author(s):  
Mathias T. Vangsoe ◽  
Jonas K. Nielsen ◽  
Carl D. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Competitive Cyclists

Purpose: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies—(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP—prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. Results: There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. Conclusions: Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.

scholarly journals Impact of Active and Passive Hypoxia as Re-Warm-Up Activities on Rugby Players’ Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2971
Author(s):  
Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo ◽  
João Malta ◽  
Guillermo Olcina ◽  
Rafael Timón ◽  
Armando Raimundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Passive Strategies ◽  
Repeat Sprint Ability ◽  
Rugby Players ◽  
Repeat Sprint ◽  
Sprint Ability

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of four types of re-warm-up (R-WU) activity, namely rest in normoxia (RN) at FiO2 = 20.9%, rest in hypoxia (RH) at FiO2 = 15%, activity (4 × 5 jumps/15 s) in normoxia (AN) and activity in hypoxia (AH) on physical performance. Ten elite male rugby players completed a 15-min warm-up followed by one of the 15-min randomized R-WU strategies. After R-WU, countermovement jump (CMJ), 20 m sprint and repeat sprint ability (RSA) tests were assessed. Compared to passive strategies (RN and RH), tympanic temperature was higher after active R-WU (AN and AH) (p = 0.016). Higher values of CMJ height (p = 0.037) and 20 m sprint (p = 0.02) were found in AH than in RN. In addition, mean RSA was lower (p = 0.008) in AH than in RN and RH. Blood lactate concentration was higher (p = 0.007) after RN and AN strategies than after AH. Muscle O2 saturation (p = 0.021) and total Hb (p = 0.042) were higher after AH than after the other three conditions and after RN, respectively. Therefore, an active R-WU under hypoxia could be useful to elite rugby players, once it had attenuated the decline in tympanic temperature during a 15-min period after warm-up, improving jump, sprint and RSA performance.

scholarly journals Interday Reliability and Usefulness of a Reactive Strength Index Derived From 2 Maximal Rebound Jump Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1200-1204
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Comyns ◽  
Eamonn P. Flanagan ◽  
Sean Fleming ◽  
Evan Fitzgerald ◽  
Damian J. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Moderate Change ◽  
Familiarization Session

Purpose: To examine the interday reliability and usefulness of a reactive strength index (RSI) derived from a maximal 5-rebound jump test (5max RJT) and a maximal 10-rebound jump test (10/5 RJT). Methods: Twenty male field-sport athletes (24.5 [3.0] y, 1.78 [0.1] m, 84.9 [5.2] kg) and 15 female participants (21.1 [0.9] y, 1.65 [0.73] m, 62.0 [5.1] kg) performed 2 maximal repetitions of the 5max RJT and the 10/5 RJT on 2 testing days after a specific warm-up. A 1-wk period separated testing days, and these sessions were preceded by a familiarization session. RSI was calculated by dividing jump height (in meters) by contact time (in seconds). The 5max RJT and the 10/5 RJT trial with the highest RSI on each testing day were used for reliability and usefulness analysis. Results: Both tests were deemed reliable for determining RSI for male, female, and pooled male and female cohorts, as the intraclass correlation coefficients were ≥.80 and the coefficient of variation was ≤10%. Only the 5max RJT was rated as “good” at detecting the smallest worthwhile change in performance for female athletes (smallest worthwhile change: 0.10 > typical error: 0.07). The 5max RJT for men and the 10/5 RJT for men and women were rated “good” in detecting a moderate change in performance only. Conclusions: Both tests are reliable for the determination of RSI, but the usefulness of the tests in detecting the smallest worthwhile change is questionable.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Isometric Midthigh Pull and Isometric Squat: Intraday Reliability, Usefulness, and the Magnitude of Difference Between Tests

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 844-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire J. Brady ◽  
Andrew J. Harrison ◽  
Eamonn P. Flanagan ◽  
G. Gregory Haff ◽  
Thomas M. Comyns
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Force Development ◽  
Lower Limb Strength

Purpose: To examine the reliability and usefulness of the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and isometric squat (ISqT) performed at the same knee and hip angles. The scores produced in each test were compared to determine the magnitude of differences between tests. Methods: Twenty-six male and female athletes (age, 23.6 [4.3] y; height, 1.75 [0.07] m; and body mass, 68.8 [9.7] kg) performed 2 maximal repetitions of the IMTP and ISqT following a specific warm-up. Results: Maximum force, absolute peak force (PF), relative PF, allometrically scaled PF, rate of force development (0–200 and 0–250 ms), and impulse (0–300 ms) were deemed reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥.86 and coefficient of variation [CV] ≤9.4%) in the IMTP and ISqT based on predetermined criteria (ICC ≥.8 and CV ≤10%). Impulse (0–200 and 0–250 ms) was reliable in the ISqT (ICC ≥.92 and CV ≤9.9%). Participants produced significantly (P < .05) greater PF and impulse (0–300 ms) during the ISqT compared with the IMTP. When split by sex, female participants produced significantly greater PF (P = .042) during the ISqT, with no significant differences among male participants (P = .245). Both tests are capable of detecting changes in performance in maximum force and absolute PF. Conclusions: Both tests are reliable for non-time-dependent maximal strength measures when measured at the same knee and hip angles. The ISqT may be preferred when coaches want to test an athlete’s true maximum lower-limb strength, especially female athletes.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF APNEA IN PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FEMALE SWIMMERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Georgia Rozi ◽  
Vassilios Thanopoulos ◽  
Milivoj Dopsaj
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Underwater Movement ◽  
Sprint Swimming ◽  
Maximum Lactate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in maximum concentration of lactic acid in the blood, heart rate and performance time on the test of 4x50m freestyle swimming on a sample of two protocols: a) one breath every 3 strokes and b) 14-15m of every 50m were swum with underwater movement of the feet without breathing and a rest with one breath every 3 strokes (apnea). The sample consisted of 15 female swimmers of the competitive level aged: 15.0 ± 1.0 years. Their basic style was the freestyle. To determine the maximum blood lactate concentration, capillary blood samples were taken in the 3rd, 5th, 7th minute and analyzed by the automatic analyzer Scout Lactate Germany. We also measured the heart rate immediately after each swimming protocol. The ANOVA showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two protocols. Maximum lactate concentration in the protocol with apnea was 10.02 ± 3.05mmol / L and without apnea 8.9 ± 3.5mmol / L. Heart rate was 186 ± 6 and 186 ± 7 b/min respectively, and performance time 140.04 ± 8.13 and 138.73 ± 8.01sec in swimmers aged 14-16. Swimming apnea needs to be studied in a larger age sample with more variables to ascertain the effects on sprint swimming.

scholarly journals Acute consumption of a caffeinated energy drink enhances aspects of performance in sprint swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 908-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Diana Ruiz-Vicente ◽  
Francisco Areces ◽  
Javier Abián-Vicén ◽  
Juan José Salinero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Handgrip Test ◽  
The Right ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Ergometer Test

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of a caffeinated energy drink on various aspects of performance in sprint swimmers. In a randomised and counterbalanced order, fourteen male sprint swimmers performed two acute experimental trials after the ingestion of a caffeinated energy drink (3 mg/kg) or after the ingestion of the same energy drink without caffeine (0 mg/kg; placebo). After 60 min of ingestion of the beverages, the swimmers performed a countermovement jump, a maximal handgrip test, a 50 m simulated competition and a 45 s swim at maximal intensity in a swim ergometer. A blood sample was withdrawn 1 min after the completion of the ergometer test. In comparison with the placebo drink, the intake of the caffeinated energy drink increased the height in the countermovement jump (49·4 (sd 5·3) v. 50·9 (sd 5·2) cm, respectively; P<0·05) and maximal force during the handgrip test with the right hand (481 (sd 49) v. 498 (sd 43) N; P<0·05). Furthermore, the caffeinated energy drink reduced the time needed to complete the 50 m simulated swimming competition (27·8 (sd 3·4) v. 27·5 (sd 3·2) s; P<0·05), and it increased peak power (273 (sd 55) v. 303 (sd 49) W; P<0·05) and blood lactate concentration (11·0 (sd 2·0) v. 11·7 (sd 2·1) mm; P<0·05) during the ergometer test. The caffeinated energy drink did not modify the prevalence of insomnia (7 v. 7 %), muscle pain (36 v. 36 %) or headache (0 v. 7 %) during the hours following its ingestion (P>0·05). A caffeinated energy drink increased some aspects of swimming performance in competitive sprinters, whereas the side effects derived from the intake of this beverage were marginal at this dosage.

Acute effect of post activation potentiation using drop jumps on repeated sprints combined with vertical jumps in young handball players

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mahfoodha Al Kitani ◽  
Ahmed Ambussaidi ◽  
Majid Al Busafi ◽  
Badriya Al-Hadabi ◽  
Radhouane Haj Sassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Drop Jump ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Repeated Sprints ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Drop Jumps ◽  
Study Participants

BACKGROUND: The use of post-activation potentiation (PAP) exercises at the end of the warm-up may increase muscles nerve conduction speed and per consequent improve speed, strength and explosive power performances. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of PAP during warm-up using vertical or horizontal drop jumps on repeated sprints performance combined with countermovement jump in young handball players. METHODS: 12 young handball players participated in this study. Participants realized 3 randomized warm-up protocols: a warm-up without PAP, a warm-up with PAP using vertical drop jumps, and a warm-up with PAP using horizontal drop jumps. After the assigned PAP protocol, the subject realized a counter movement jump as a reference value (CMJr), and thereafter repeated sprint tests with and without changing of direction (six maximal 2 × 12.5 m shuttle sprints and six maximal 25 m straight sprints, respectively) combined with vertical jumping. RESULTS: Horizontal drop jump during warm-up showed larger improvements in repeated sprints performance with and without change of direction for the parameters best time and mean time, compared with warm up without drop jumps (p< 0.01) and warm up with vertical drop jumps (p< 0.05). Vertical drop jump performance during warm-up induced greater gains in countermovement jump reference value in comparison with warm up without drop jump (p< 0.01), or warm up with horizontal drop jump (p< 0.01). CONCLUSION: PAP during warm-up using horizontal drop jump improves repeated sprints performance with and without changing of direction while PAP using vertical drop jump improves CMJ reference value.

Does Prior 1500-m Swimming Affect Cycling Energy Expenditure in Well-Trained Triathletes?

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Delextrat ◽  
Jeanick Brisswalter ◽  
Christophe Hausswirth ◽  
Thierry Bernard ◽  
Jean-Marc Vallier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Key Words Lactate ◽  
Pedaling Frequency

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 1,500-m swim on energy expenditure during a subsequent cycle task. Eight well-trained male triathletes (age 26.0 ± 5.0 yrs; height 179.6 ± 4.5 cm; mass 71.3 ± 5.8 kg; [Formula: see text] 71.9 ± 7.8 ml kg−1•min−1) underwent two testing sessions in counterbalanced order. The sessions consisted of a 30-min ride on the cycle ergometer at 75% of maximal aerobic power (MAP), and at a pedaling frequency of 95 rev•min−1, preceded either by a 1,500-m swim at 1.20 m•s−1 (SC trial) or by a cycling warm-up at 30% of MAP (C trial). Respiratory and metabolic data were collected between the 3rd and the 5th min, and between the 28th and 30th min of cycling. The main results indicated a significantly lower gross efficiency (13.0%) and significantly higher blood lactate concentration (56.4%), [Formula: see text] (5.0%), HR (9.3%), [Formula: see text] (15.7%), and RF (19.9%) in the SC compared to the C trial after 5 min, p <  0.05. After 30 min, only [Formula: see text] (7.9%) and blood lactate concentration (43.9%) were significantly higher in the SC compared to the C trial, p <  0.05. These results confirm the increase in energy cost previously observed during sprint-distance triathlons and point to the importance of the relative intensity of swimming on energy demand during subsequent cycling. Key words: lactate, oxygen uptake, intensity, exercise duration, performance

The Effect of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Performance during a 30-km Race

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Tsintzas ◽  
Raymond Liu ◽  
Clyde Williams ◽  
Ian Campbell ◽  
George Gaitanos
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Road Race

Seven experienced endurance runners completed a 30-km road race on two occasions separated by 10 days. On each occasion the subjects consumed 250 ml of either a 5% carbohydrate (CHO) solution or nonflavored tap water (W) immediately prior to the start of the race, and 150 ml of the assigned fluid every 5 km thereafter. Performance time for the CHO trial was faster compared with the time recorded for the W trial (128.3 ± 19.9 min vs. 131.2 ± 18.7 min [p<0.01] respectively). Running speed was maintained throughout the race in the CHO trial, whereas a decrease in the running speed occurred after 25 km (p<0.05) in the W trial. No difference was found between the two trials in blood glucose concentration, plasma electrolyte concentrations, body weight loss, change in plasma volume, and rating of perceived exertion. Blood lactate concentration was higher at 25 km during the CHO trial compared with the W trial (p<0.01), but plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations were lower at 30 km during the CHO trial than during the W trial (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study shows that performance time for a 30-km road race is improved after ingesting a 5% CHO solution.

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