Koppelman, J., concurring.

If April DeBoer were a man, or James Obergefell a woman, or Valeria Tanco a man, or Greg Bourke a woman, then state law would readily give them the relief they seek. But because the state laws challenged in these cases provide that only a man can marry a woman and only a woman can marry a man—or that existing marriages will be denied recognition if they do not fit this description—April and James and Valeria and Greg are being discriminated against on the basis of their gender. Such sex-based classifications constitute sex discrimination. Accordingly, they must be subjected to intermediate scrutiny. The justifications the state offers not only fail to satisfy such scrutiny. They are themselves based on the precise invidious sex stereotypes that intermediate scrutiny seeks to uncover....

A NARRATIVE OF A YOUNG FEMALE IN AN OLD MAN’S INDUSTRY SEXISM AND AGEISM IN A MACEDONIAN FAMILY-OWNED BUSINESS

Communication between supervisors and subordinates is a crucial aspect of organizational communication, because its quality can truly mean the difference between organizational success and failure. If supervisors and subordinates within a company have respect for each other and are able to communicate in a healthy, effective manner, the company's chances of achieving its goals are greatly increased. On the other hand, when power disputes and rivalries arise, much energy is wasted, and potentials (both individual and collective) are left unfulfilled. This case study uses a narrative of a dysfunctional relationship in order to analyze the conflicts that occur between younger female supervisors and their older male subordinates within the specific context of family-owned businesses. This particular type of conflict is of special interest for traditionally male-dominated societies, where we can realistically expect to encounter such conflicts. Also, because family-owned businesses employ a significant portion of the global workforce, this analysis can contribute to the resolution of such conflicts in other organizations. The dysfunctional supervisor-subordinate relationship was analyzed through the lenses of family business theory, sex stereotypes and age-based beliefs. After analysis four solutions were given for improving the narratives’ dysfunctional relationship.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CHESS PERFORMANCE

Women are underrepresented and underperformanced in chess at the top level. An explanation for the small number of female chess players because chess is an intellectually demanding activity would support the view of biological gender differences in intellectual abilities. However, despite different theories, there is no scientific evidence for sex specific intellectual performance differences. Furthermore, memory is heavily implicated in chess performance and is also often used to explain sex differences. Many novel findings are emerging and complementing cognitively-oriented research on chess. Sex stereotypes can have a greatly debilitating effect on female players leading to a sharp decline in performance when competing with males in chess. Women generally score lower than men both on aggressiveness and dominance and at the same time during a chess game, mental fatigue occurs earlier in women. This is usually explained by the fact that in the female body glycogen content is lower compared to males due to hormonal conditions and therefore unable to meet the demands for fast energy. Women also seem disadvantaged because they approach chess competitions with less confidence and with a more cautious attitude than their male counterparts. A motivational perspective may be better suited for understanding the underperformance of women as chess players. Studies of psychology, physiology and biochemistry of chess players should be used to improve the practice and pedagogy for male and female chess players.

PENALARAN MORAL ANAK DITINJAU DARI GAYA PENGASUHAN DAN JENIS KELAMIN

The objectives of this research is to know the difference of moral reasoning between boys and girls perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parents. The subjects of this research were 81 students at primary school of Al Falah Sei Mencirim Kutalimbaru Sumatera Utara. The data of the study was collected by using two scales, they are Moral Reasoning scale and parenting style scale. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data, which resulted that parenting styles and gender interact each other in affecting moral reasoning (F : 5,580; p = 0.006 < 0.05), and it means that there is a difference of moral reasoning among boys and girls perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting styles. Based on the finding above, it is suggested that educators should develop suitable teaching strategy which may enhance positive developmental aspects by avoiding sex stereotypes; encouraging to be independent and take a risk; and guiding in problem solving. It is suggested too that parents should avoid different parenting between boys and girls and help them to make moral decision properly so the can avoid social adapting problems.

Masculinity or Femininity: Questioning Social Gender of Personal Nouns

Since essentialism and binarism of gender is challenged in gender studies, poststructuralists argue for a more deconstructive perspective of gender. Through a survey on social gender of thirty lexically female and male Chinese personal nouns, this research tends to examine: 1) how lexically female and male personal nouns are socially gendered in language use, 2) how such social gendering affects sex stereotyping. Combining a langue-oriented and structuralist framework with a parole-oriented and poststructuralist perspective, the author shows that diversified language use encourages coining of new lexical forms. Along with this process transitions and shifts happen to traditional sex stereotypes. This research encourages more similar research with combined structuralist and poststructuralist approaches on the interrelationship between gender and language. (Personal nouns, social gender, sex stereotypes, gender representation)

PENALARAN MORAL SISWA BERINTELIGENSI TINGGI DITINJAU DARI GAYA PENGASUHAN ORANG TUA

The objectives of this research is to know the difference of moral reasoning between boys and girls of high intelectual students perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parents. The subjects of this research were 81 high intellectual students at primary school of Muhammadiyah Sapen Yogyakarta The data of the study was collected by using two scales, they are Moral Reasoning scale and parenting style scale. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data, which resulted that parenting styles and gender interact each other in affecting moral reasoning ( F : 5,580; p = 0.006 < 0.05), and it means that there is a difference of moral reasoning among boys and girls of high intellectual students perceived from authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting styles Based on the finding above, it is suggested that educators should develop suitable teaching strategy which may enhance the high intellectual children positive developmental aspects by avoiding sex stereotypes; encouraging to be independent and tak a risk; and guiding in problem solving. It is suggested too that parents of high intellectual children should avoid different parenting between boys and girls and help them to make moral decision properly so the can avoid social adapting problems. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan penalaran moral antara siswa berinteligensi tinggi yang memperoleh pola asuh otoriter, otoritatif, dan permisif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 81 orang siswa berinteligensi tinggi kelas V di SD Muhammadiyah Sapen Yogyakarta. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan dua skala, yaitu skala penalaran moral dan skala persepsi pola asuh orang tua. Analisis Varians dua arah (Two Ways ANOVA) digunakan sebagai metode untuk mengalisis data. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pola asuh dan jenis kelamin saling berinteraksi dalam mempengaruhi penalaran moral siswa berinteligensi tinggi (F : 5,580; p = 0.006 < 0.05) sehingga disimpulkan ada perbedaan penalaran moral antara siswa laki-laki dan perempuan berinteligensi tinggi yang memperoleh pola asuh otoriter, otoritatif dan permisif Berdasarkan temuan di atas, disarankan bagi pendidik, hendaknya mengembangkan strategi mengajar yang tepat yang dapat mengembangkan aspek positif bagi anak berinteligensi tinggi dengan (a) menghindari stereotip peran jenis kelamin; (b) memberi dorongan bagi anak beringeligensi tinggi untuk independent dan berani mengambil resiko; (c) membimbing mereka dalam perilaku problem solving dan strategi pengambilan keputusan moral. Sedangkan bagi orang tua, hendaknya menghindarkan pola pengasuhan atau tuntutan (harapan) yang berbeda bagi anak laki-laki dan perempuan dan membantu mereka menetapkan batasan-batasan dalam membuat keputusan moral secara tepat sehingga terhindar dari masalah penyesuaian sosial.

Perils and pitfalls of reporting sex differences

The idea of sex differences in the brain both fascinates and inflames the public. As a result, the communication and public discussion of new findings is particularly vulnerable to logical leaps and pseudoscience. A new US National Institutes of Health policy to consider both sexes in almost all preclinical research will increase the number of reported sex differences and thus the risk that research in this important area will be misinterpreted and misrepresented. In this article, I consider ways in which we might reduce that risk, for example, by (i) employing statistical tests that reveal the extent to which sex explains variation, rather than whether or not the sexes ‘differ’, (ii) properly characterizing the frequency distributions of scores or dependent measures, which nearly always overlap, and (iii) avoiding speculative functional or evolutionary explanations for sex-based variation, which usually invoke logical fallacies and perpetuate sex stereotypes. Ultimately, the factor of sex should be viewed as an imperfect, temporary proxy for yet-unknown factors, such as hormones or sex-linked genes, that explain variation better than sex. As scientists, we should be interested in discovering and understanding the true sources of variation, which will be more informative in the development of clinical treatments.