scholarly journals The Research Doesn’t Always Apply: Practical Solutions to Evidence-Based Training-Load Monitoring in Elite Team Sports

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (s2) ◽  
pp. S2-136-S2-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren J. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Player Performance ◽  
The Impact

Research describing load-monitoring techniques for team sport is plentiful. Much of this research is conducted retrospectively and typically involves recreational or semielite teams. Load-monitoring research conducted on professional team sports is largely observational. Challenges exist for the practitioner in implementing peer-reviewed research into the applied setting. These challenges include match scheduling, player adherence, manager/coach buy-in, sport traditions, and staff availability. External-load monitoring often attracts questions surrounding technology reliability and validity, while internal-load monitoring makes some assumptions about player adherence, as well as having some uncertainty around the impact these measures have on player performance This commentary outlines examples of load-monitoring research, discusses the issues associated with the application of this research in an elite team-sport setting, and suggests practical adjustments to the existing research where necessary.

scholarly journals Validity of a Local Positioning System during Outdoor and Indoor Conditions for Team Sports

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5733
Author(s):  
Prisca S. Alt ◽  
Christian Baumgart ◽  
Olaf Ueberschär ◽  
Jürgen Freiwald ◽  
Matthias W. Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Team Sports ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Typical Error ◽  
Local Positioning System ◽  
Filtering Technique ◽  
Indoor Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training ◽  
Tracking Technology

This study aimed to compare the validity of a local positioning system (LPS) during outdoor and indoor conditions for team sports. The impact of different filtering techniques was also investigated. Five male team sport athletes (age: 27 ± 2 years; maximum oxygen uptake: 48.4 ± 5.1 mL/min/kg) performed 10 trials on a team sport-specific circuit on an artificial turf and in a sports hall. During the circuit, athletes wore two devices of a recent 20-Hz LPS. From the reported raw and differently filtered velocity data, distances covered during different walking, jogging, and sprinting sections within the circuit were computed for which the circuit was equipped with double-light timing gates as criterion measures. The validity was determined by comparing the known and measured distances via the relative typical error of estimate (TEE). The LPS validity for measuring distances covered was good to moderate during both environments (TEE: 0.9–7.1%), whereby the outdoor validity (TEE: 0.9–6.4%) was superior than indoor validity (TEE: 1.2–7.1%). During both environments, validity outcomes of an unknown manufacturer filter were superior (TEE: 0.9–6.2%) compared to those of a standard Butterworth filter (TEE: 0.9–6.4%) and to unprocessed raw data (TEE: 1.0–7.1%). Our findings show that the evaluated LPS can be considered as a good to moderately valid tracking technology to assess running-based movement patterns in team sports during outdoor and indoor conditions. However, outdoor was superior to indoor validity, and also impacted by the applied filtering technique. Our outcomes should be considered for practical purposes like match and training analyses in team sport environments.

External and internal Load and their Effects on Professional Volleyball Training

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (07) ◽  
pp. 468-474
Author(s):  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Ana Silva ◽  
José Afonso ◽  
Henrique Castro ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Inertial Measurement Unit ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
External Loads

AbstractThe purpose of this study was twofold: (i) characterize the external and internal training load of professional volleyball players with a focus on intra-week changes and (ii) test the relationships between internal and external load measures. Eight male professional players (age: 23.0±5.22 yo; body mass: 84.5 ± 7.58 kg; height: 193.0±9.71 cm; BMI: 22.0±0.02 kg/m2) were monitored daily over 15 weeks. The monitoring process included both internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and session-RPE [s-RPE]) and external load variables, which were measured by an inertial measurement unit. Results revealed that, within-week variations revealed that RPE was significantly higher during MD-2 (d=0.59) and MD-3 (d=0.56) than MD-1. A significantly higher number of jumps was observed on MD-2 than MD-1 (d=0.69). Considering the relationships between internal and external load measures, small positive correlations were found between RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.17) and between s-RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.49). In conclusion, a tapering strategy was observed on the day before a match, as internal and external loads decreased. Both internal and external load measures are necessary to provide an accurate perception of the impact of training stimuli on players.

The Impact of Free Agency on Competitive Balance in North American Professional Team Sports Leagues

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Maxcy ◽  
Michael Mondello
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
National Hockey League ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
Free Agent ◽  
Professional Team Sports ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
The Impact

Free agency was reintroduced to professional team sport leagues in the 1970s. Sport enthusiasts expressed concern that competitive balance would diminish as star players congregated to large market cities. However, the economic invariance principle rejects this notion, indicating that balance should remain unchanged. This article empirically examines the effects of changes in free agent rules on competitive balance over time in the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL). Regression analysis using within-season and between-season measures of competitive balance as dependent variables provides mixed results. The NFL and NHL provide evidence that an aspect of competitive balance has improved, but results from the NBA indicate that balance has worsened since the introduction of free agency. We conclude that the ambiguous results suggest that the effects are not independent, but instead depend on the interaction of free agent rights with other labor market and league rules.

Measuring aggression in the South Asian context: the development and psychometric assessment of the Urdu aggression questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohni Siddiqui ◽  
Anjum Bano Kazmi ◽  
Zahid Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Common People ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbances ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Aggression is an undesirable behavior that assaults traditions norms, morals and standards of ethics practiced in society. To address the scarceness of identification tools and for evidence-based interventions in Pakistan, the purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which aggression is prevalent in Pakistan’s people by newly developed self-reported questionnaires in the Urdu language designed after reviewing the cultural and social perspectives of the society. Design/methodology/approach The research design was based on principles of scale development followed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. A subject matter expert panel technique was adopted where educationists from diversified backgrounds helped to generate items and to establish content validity. Findings The three-factor construct has been supported by factor analysis. These analyzes identified aggression measures in terms of direct aggression, displaced aggression and indirect aggression. The model has established inner consistency, reliability and validity. Furthermore, the impact of age and gender on different forms of aggression was explored and discussed. Originality/value Aggression is a distinctive trait of many psychiatric disturbances. To undertake the dearth of identification tools and for evidence-based interventions in Pakistan, it was necessary to develop a tool for identification to address aggression issues among common people. This research is devised to develop a self-reported questionnaire in the Urdu language keeping cultural and social perspectives of society.

The Unsuitability of Energy Expenditure Derived From Microtechnology for Assessing Internal Load in Collision-Based Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Highton ◽  
Thomas Mullen ◽  
Jonathan Norris ◽  
Chelsea Oxendale ◽  
Craig Twist
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
External Load ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Movement Activity ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Rugby Players

This aim of this study was to examine the validity of energy expenditure derived from microtechnology when measured during a repeated-effort rugby protocol. Sixteen male rugby players completed a repeated-effort protocol comprising 3 sets of 6 collisions during which movement activity and energy expenditure (EEGPS) were measured using microtechnology. In addition, energy expenditure was estimated from open-circuit spirometry (EEVO2). While related (r = .63, 90%CI .08–.89), there was a systematic underestimation of energy expenditure during the protocol (–5.94 ± 0.67 kcal/min) for EEGPS (7.2 ± 1.0 kcal/min) compared with EEVO2 (13.2 ± 2.3 kcal/min). High-speed-running distance (r = .50, 95%CI –.66 to .84) was related to EEVO2, while PlayerLoad was not (r = .37, 95%CI –.81 to .68). While metabolic power might provide a different measure of external load than other typically used microtechnology metrics (eg, high-speed running, PlayerLoad), it underestimates energy expenditure during intermittent team sports that involve collisions.

scholarly journals A Comparison of PlayerLoadTM and Heart Rate during Backwards and Forwards Locomotion during Intermittent Exercise in Rugby League Players

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Barnes ◽  
Joshua H. Guy ◽  
Nathan Elsworthy ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Loading Patterns ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Forward Locomotion ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

Limited research has examined the demands of backward locomotion at various speeds using common load monitoring metrics in team sport athletes. Consequently, this study compared the external and internal loads between backward and forward locomotion during intermittent exercise in team sport athletes. Semi-professional, male rugby league players (n = 29) completed the same exercise protocol on two occasions in backward and forward directions. On each occasion, participants performed separate 20 m trials at self-selected walking, jogging, running, and sprinting speeds and then completed a 15 min modified Loughborough intermittent shuttle test (mLIST). Common external and internal load metrics were gathered across testing. Faster speeds (p < 0.001) were attained at all speeds during forward locomotion in the 20 m trials. Non-significant differences in accumulated PlayerLoadTM were found between directions across the mLIST; however, higher relative (per min) PlayerLoadTM (p < 0.001) was apparent during backward locomotion when walking and during forward locomotion when sprinting during the mLIST. RPE and mean heart rate were higher (p < 0.001) during backward locomotion across the mLIST. These data highlight the unique loading patterns experienced during backward locomotion and suggest practitioners should consider the discernment in loading imposed between backward and forward locomotion when measuring athlete demands using common metrics.

scholarly journals Comparison of Athlete–Coach Perceptions of Internal and External Load Markers for Elite Junior Tennis Training

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair P. Murphy ◽  
Rob Duffield ◽  
Aaron Kellett ◽  
Machar Reid
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
External Load ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Notational Analysis ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Junior Tennis ◽  
Mental Exertion

Purpose:To investigate the discrepancy between coach and athlete perceptions of internal load and notational analysis of external load in elite junior tennis.Methods:Fourteen elite junior tennis players and 6 international coaches were recruited. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were recorded for individual drills and whole sessions, along with a rating of mental exertion, coach rating of intended session exertion, and athlete heart rate (HR). Furthermore, total stroke count and unforced-error count were notated using video coding after each session, alongside coach and athlete estimations of shots and errors made. Finally, regression analyses explained the variance in the criterion variables of athlete and coach RPE.Results:Repeated-measures analyses of variance and interclass correlation coefficients revealed that coaches significantly (P < .01) underestimated athlete session RPE, with only moderate correlation (r = .59) demonstrated between coach and athlete. However, athlete drill RPE (P = .14; r = .71) and mental exertion (P = .44; r = .68) were comparable and substantially correlated. No significant differences in estimated stroke count were evident between athlete and coach (P = .21), athlete notational analysis (P = .06), or coach notational analysis (P = .49). Coaches estimated significantly greater unforced errors than either athletes or notational analysis (P < .01). Regression analyses found that 54.5% of variance in coach RPE was explained by intended session exertion and coach drill RPE, while drill RPE and peak HR explained 45.3% of the variance in athlete session RPE.Conclusion:Coaches misinterpreted session RPE but not drill RPE, while inaccurately monitoring error counts. Improved understanding of external- and internal-load monitoring may help coach–athlete relationships in individual sports like tennis avoid maladaptive training.

scholarly journals Is It High Time to Increase Elite Soccer Substitutions Permanently?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7008
Author(s):  
Gustavo R. Mota ◽  
Izabela Aparecida dos Santos ◽  
Rhaí André Arriel ◽  
Moacir Marocolo
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
High Time ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Physical Demands ◽  
The Impact

Rules determine how team sport matches occur. Match-induced fatigue is specific to each sport, and may be associated with injury incidence. For example, the injury rate in soccer is distinctly higher during matches than in training sessions. Understanding the differences between team sports rules might be useful for enhancing rules (e.g., safer sport). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the rule-induced physical demands between soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball, focusing on substitution rules. Data from the elite team sports’ rules (e.g., absolute and relative court dimensions; the number of players, substitutions allowed, total game time, time-outs) were collected, including the changes due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in soccer substitutions, and comparisons were performed. The data showed that soccer has higher rule-induced physical demands: e.g., substantially lower substitution rate, higher dimensions in absolute (eight to fifteen times), and relative (four to eight times) values. Simulations also showed that soccer has extremely large differences, even considering COVID-19 substitution changes (from three to up to five). We conclude that elite soccer has remarkably higher overall rule-induced physical demands than elite futsal, basketball and handball, and increasing soccer substitutions permanently (e.g., unlimited) might mitigate overall soccer demands.

scholarly journals Validez y fiabilidad de dispositivos GPS de 5 Hz en carreras cortas con cambio de sentido (Validity and reliability of 5 Hz GPS devices on short career with change of direction)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
David Casamichana Gómez ◽  
Julen Castellano Paulis
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
Almost All

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la validez y fiabilidad de los dispositivos GPS MinimaxX (Team Sport 2.5, Catapult Innovations) que opera con una frecuencia de muestreo de 5 Hz, registrando las distancias recorridas en carreras de ida y vuelta de 20 metros con cambios de dirección de 180º en diferentes rangos de velocidades. Se midieron las distancias realizadas por 10 jugadores de fútbol (edad, 22.5 ±2.9 años; altura, 174 ±7 cm.; peso, 72.6 ±3.4 kg.) en la prueba específica del test Yo -Yo de Resistencia nivel 1. El test acabó cuando los jugadores completaron los 10 primeros niveles (desde 2.22 hasta 3.48 m·s-1). Cuatro de los 10 participantes llevaron simultáneamente dos dispositivos GPS, lo que permitió valorar su fiabilidad. Para valorar la validez se compararon las distancias registradas por los GPS respecto a la distancia teórica del test medida previamente con cinta métrica. Se estimaron el coeficiente de variación (1 – 17 %), el error típico (2.3 – 136 m), el error estándar de medida (5 – 11 %) y la diferencias de medias (-0.7 – 89.2 m). Los resultados indican una moderada validez y fiabilidad a las intensidades estudiadas, casi para todos los niveles y también para la distancia total, aunque se sobreestimó la distancia recorrida. Palabra clave: tecnología GPS, análisis del movimiento, validez, fiabilidad, deportes de equipo, Yo-Yo test.Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a MinimaxX GPS device (Team Sport 2.5, Catapult Innovations) operating with a sampling frequency of 5 Hz. Were measured distances made for 10 football players (age, 22.5 ±2.9 years, height 174 ±7 cm. and weight 72.6 ±3.4 kg) in the specific Yo-Yo Endurance Test level 1. The test ended when the players completed the first 10 levels of speed test (from 2.22 to 3.48 m·s-1). Four of the 10 participants took two simultaneously GPS, what allowed to value the reliability of the devices. In the validity study comparing the values obtained by the GPS with the actual values obtained by tape before performing the test. Statistical analysis were: coefficient of variation (1 – 17 %), standard error (2.3 – 136 m), standard error estimated, (5 – 11 %) and means difference (-0.7 – 89.2 m). The results indicate that although the reliability and validity showed satisfactory results at moderate intensities, almost all levels and for the total distance, although the distance was overestimated.Key words: GPS technology, movement analysis, validity, reliability, team sports, Yo-Yo test.

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