Resistance Training and the Effect of Load Blinding in Multiple Repetition Maximum Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-443
Author(s):  
Kamila Grandolfi ◽  
Vandre Sosciarelli ◽  
Marcos Polito
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Percentage Difference

Purpose: To compare performance in successive 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests with the load known or unknown. Methods: Thirty-two resistance-trained men were randomly divided into 2 groups: load blinding (BLI; n = 16; age 28.1 [6.9] y, body mass 83.1 [11.5] kg, height 175.3 [5.8] cm) and load nonblinding (nBLI; n = 16; age 27.7 [4.1] y, body mass 83.2 [12.8] kg, height 178.7 [7.3] cm). The groups performed a 1RM test during 4 days (with an interval of 24–48 h) in the horizontal bench press with free weight. Results: In the BLI, there were no significant changes throughout the tests, with a difference of 1.6% between the first and fourth 1RM tests. In the nBLI, there was a significant interaction with time, and the values of the second (P = .03), third (P = .02), and fourth (P = .01) tests were higher than the first test; in addition, the fourth test was significantly higher than the second test (P = .02). The percentage difference between the last and first 1RM tests was 7.1%. The comparison between the groups demonstrated differences in the third (P = .04) and fourth (P = .02) tests with higher values in the nBLI. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the first and fourth 1RM tests was .93 for the BLI and .91 for the nBLI. Conclusion: BLI does not influence 1RM testing in the bench press exercise.

scholarly journals Pooled Versus Individualized Load–Velocity Profiling in the Free-Weight Back Squat and Power Clean

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Steve W. Thompson ◽  
David Rogerson ◽  
Alan Ruddock ◽  
Harry G. Banyard ◽  
Andrew Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Power Clean ◽  
Acceptable Reliability

Purpose: This study compared pooled against individualized load–velocity profiles (LVPs) in the free-weight back squat and power clean. Methods: A total of 10 competitive weightlifters completed baseline 1-repetition maximum assessments in the back squat and power clean. Three incremental LVPs were completed, separated by 48 to 72 hours. Mean and peak velocity were measured via a linear-position transducer (GymAware). Linear and nonlinear (second-order polynomial) regression models were applied to all pooled and individualized LVP data. A combination of coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficient, typical error of measurement, and limits of agreement assessed between-subject variability and within-subject reliability. Acceptable reliability was defined a priori as intraclass correlation coefficient > .7 and CV < 10%. Results: Very high to practically perfect inverse relationships were evident in the back squat (r = .83–.96) and power clean (r = .83–.89) for both regression models; however, stronger correlations were observed in the individualized LVPs for both exercises (r = .85–.99). Between-subject variability was moderate to large across all relative loads in the back squat (CV = 8.2%–27.8%) but smaller in the power clean (CV = 4.6%–8.5%). The power clean met our criteria for acceptable reliability across all relative loads; however, the back squat revealed large CVs in loads ≥90% of 1-repetition maximum (13.1%–20.5%). Conclusions: Evidently, load–velocity characteristics are highly individualized, with acceptable levels of reliability observed in the power clean but not in the back squat (≥90% of 1-repetition maximum). If practitioners want to adopt load–velocity profiling as part of their testing and monitoring procedures, an individualized LVP should be utilized over pooled LVPs.

scholarly journals The Existence of a Sticking Region in Free Weight Squats

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland van den Tillaar ◽  
Vidar Andersen ◽  
Atle Hole Saeterbakken
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Free Weight

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of the sticking region in two legged free weight squats. Fifteen resistance-training males (age 24 ± 4 years, body mass 82 ± 11 kg, body height 179 ± 6 cm) with 6 ± 3 years of resistance-training experience performed 6-RM in free weight squats. The last repetition was analyzed for the existence of a sticking region. Only in 10 out of 15 participants a sticking region was observed. The observed sticking region was much shorter than in the bench press. Furthermore, rectus femoris decreased the EMG activity in contrast to increased EMG activity in biceps femoris around the sticking and surrounding region. No significant change in EMG activity was found for the lateral and medial vastus muscles. It is suggested that a combination of these muscle activity changes could be one of the causes of the existence of the sticking region in free weight squats

scholarly journals The Effects of 24 weeks of Resistance Training with Simultaneous Elastic and Free Weight Loading on Muscular Performance of Novice Lifters

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Shoepe ◽  
David Ramirez ◽  
Robert Rovetti ◽  
David Kohler ◽  
Hawley Almstedt
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Muscular Performance ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Weight Groups

The Effects of 24 weeks of Resistance Training with Simultaneous Elastic and Free Weight Loading on Muscular Performance of Novice LiftersThe purpose of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of variable resistance as provided through elastic plus free weight techniques in college aged males and females. Twenty novice lifters were randomly assigned to a traditional free weight only (6 males and 5 females) or elastic band plus free weight group (5 males and 5 females) and 9 more normally active controls (5 males and 4 females), were recruited to maintain normal activity for the duration of the study. No differences existed between control, free weight and elastic band at baseline for age, body height, body mass, body mass index, and body fat percentage. One-repetition maximums were performed for squat and bench press while both strength and power were assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Elastic groups and free-weight groups completed 24 weeks of whole body, periodized, high intensity resistance (65-95% of one-repetition maximum) training three times/week. Training programs were identical except that the elastic group trained the barbell squat, bench press and stiff-legged deadlift with 20-35% of their total prescribed training loads coming from band resistance (assessed at the top of the range of motion) with the remainder from free weight resistance. A mixed-model analysis revealed that peak torque, average power and one-repetition maximums for squat were significantly greater after training for the elastic group compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the free weight group also showed significantly greater improvements over the control in peak torque and one-repetition maximums for squat and bench press. No significant differences were observed between the elastic band and free weight groups. Combined variable elastic band plus free weight exercises are effective at increasing strength and power similar to free-weights alone in novice college aged males and females. However, due to complexity in set-up and load assignment elastic adoption by novice lifters in an unsupervised situation is not advised.

scholarly journals Is there a relationship between the overhead press and split jerk maximum performance? Influence of sex

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110204
Author(s):  
Marcos A Soriano ◽  
G Gregory Haff ◽  
Paul Comfort ◽  
Francisco J Amaro-Gahete ◽  
Antonio Torres-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients

The aims of this study were to (I) determine the differences and relationship between the overhead press and split jerk performance in athletes involved in weightlifting training, and (II) explore the magnitude of these differences in one-repetition maximum (1RM) performances between sexes. Sixty-one men (age: 30.4 ± 6.7 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.5 m; body mass 82.5 ± 8.5 kg; weightlifting training experience: 3.7 ± 3.5 yrs) and 21 women (age: 29.5 ± 5.2 yrs; height: 1.7 ± 0.5 m; body mass: 62.6 ± 5.7 kg; weightlifting training experience: 3.0 ± 1.5 yrs) participated. The 1RM performance of the overhead press and split jerk were assessed for all participants, with the overhead press assessed on two occasions to determine between-session reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals showed a high reliability for the overhead press ICC = 0.98 (0.97 – 0.99). A very strong correlation and significant differences were found between the overhead press and split jerk 1RM performances for all participants (r = 0.90 [0.93 – 0.85], 60.2 ± 18.3 kg, 95.7 ± 29.3 kg, p ≤ 0.001). Men demonstrated stronger correlations between the overhead press and split jerk 1RM performances (r = 0.83 [0.73-0.90], p ≤ 0.001) compared with women (r = 0.56 [0.17-0.80], p = 0.008). These results provide evidence that 1RM performance of the overhead press and split jerk performance are highly related, highlighting the importance of upper-limb strength in the split jerk maximum performance.

Comparison of CrossFit Barbara and classic resistance trainings for the protection of strength performance during off-season in kickboxers

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Cebrail Gençoğlu ◽  
İlhan Şen
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Push Up

BACKGROUND: The inability of athletes to train or the decrease in the intensity and frequency of training may cause athletes to lose performance. Particularly in view of the current COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining strength outside the normal framework provides an advantage to athletes for the next competitions. OBJECTIVE: To compare the CrossFit Barbara which can be applied easily at home during the off-season or some situations such as the epidemic limitation to classic resistance training methods used to maintain the strength performance of national kickboxers. METHODS: Forty-three national kickboxers, CrossFit (CF, n= 22), and resistance training (RT, n= 21), participated in this study. While CF performed 20 pull-ups, 30 push-ups, 40 sit-ups, and 50 squat exercises, RT performed bench press, lat pull down, leg press, biceps curl, and triceps extension exercises twice per week for six weeks. Before and after the six weeks, the following variables were measured; body mass (BM) and body fat percentage (FP), VO2max, bench press (BP), squat (SQ), leg strength (LS), hand grip strength (HGS), pull-up, push-up and counter movement jump (CMJ). RESULTS: BP (p< 0.001, F= 41.125, ηp2= 0.501), SQ (p< 0.001, F= 26.604, ηp2= 0.394), LS (p< 0.001, F= 15.234, ηp2= 0.271), push-up (p< 0.001, F= 31.978, ηp2= 0.438) and pull-up (p< 0.001, F= 24.410, ηp2= 0.373) values changed significantly in group-time interaction between CF and RT groups, while there was no significant difference for the BM (p= 0.198, F= 1.715, ηp2= 0.040), Fat (p= 0.265, F= 1.279, ηp2= 0.030), HGS (p= 0.665, F= 0.190, ηp2= 0.005, CMJ (p= 0.054, F= 3.946, ηp2= 0.088) and VO2max (p=0.747, F= 0.106, ηp2= 0.003). Furthermore, according to the before and after study values, BP, SQ, LS, and CMJ decreased significantly (p< 0.05) while BM, FP, HGS, VO2max, pull-up and push-up variables did not in the CF (p> 0.05). In the RT, the pull-up and push-up variables decreased significantly (p< 0.05) while there was no significant difference for BP, SQ, LS, HGS, VO2max, body mass, body fat percentage and CMJ (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: CF Barbara workout was more effective in maintaining strength endurance performances, and RT in maintaining maximum strength performances. According to the individual performance needs of athletes, reasonable training method can be used to prevent performance decrement in the strength domain.

Negligible Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Free Acid and Calcium Salt on Strength and Hypertrophic Responses to Resistance Training: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline C. Tritto ◽  
Salomão Bueno ◽  
Rosa M.P. Rodrigues ◽  
Bruno Gualano ◽  
Hamilton Roschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Calcium Salt ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Leg Press

This study evaluated the effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) and calcium salt (HMB-Ca) on strength, hypertrophy, and markers of muscle damage. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 44 resistance-trained men (age: 26 ± 4 years; body mass: 84.9 ± 12.0 kg) consuming ≥1.7 g·kg−1·day−1 of protein received HMB-FA (3 g/day; n = 14), HMB-Ca (3 g/day; n = 15), or placebo (PL; cornstarch, 3 g/day; n = 15) for 12 weeks, while performing a periodized resistance training program. Before and after intervention, lean body mass (measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry), maximal dynamic strength (one-repetition maximum), knee extension maximal isometric strength (maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]), cross-sectional area (measured with ultrasound), and muscle soreness were assessed. MVIC was also measured 48 hr after the first and the last training sessions. All groups increased lean body mass (main time effect: p < .0001; HMB-FA: 1.8 ± 1.8 kg; HMB-Ca: 0.8 ± 1.4 kg; PL: 0.9 ± 1.4 kg), cross-sectional area (main time effect: p < .0001; HMB-FA: 6.6 ± 3.8%; HMB-Ca: 4.7 ± 4.4%; PL: 6.9 ± 3.8%), one-repetition maximum bench press (main time effect: p < .0001; HMB-FA: 14.8 ± 8.4 kg; HMB-Ca: 11.8 ± 7.4 kg; PL: 11.2 ± 6.6 kg), MVIC (main time effect: p < .0001; HMB-FA: 34.4 ± 39.3%; HMB-Ca: 32.3 ± 27.4%; PL: 17.7 ± 20.9%) after the intervention, but no differences between groups were shown. HMB-FA group showed greater leg press strength after the intervention than HMB-Ca and PL groups (Group × Time interaction: p < .05; HMB-FA: 47.7 ± 31.2 kg; HMB-Ca: 43.8 ± 31.7 kg; PL: 30.2 ± 20.9 kg). MVIC measured 48 hr after the first and the last sessions showed no attenuation of force decline with supplementation. Muscle soreness following the first and last sessions was not different between groups. The authors concluded that neither HMB-Ca nor HMB-FA improved hypertrophy or reduced muscle damage in resistance-trained men undergoing resistance training ingesting optimal amounts of protein. HMB-FA but not HMB-Ca resulted in a statistically significant yet minor improvement on leg press one-repetition maximum.

Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Performance of an Elite Shot-Putter

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Terzis ◽  
Thomas Kyriazis ◽  
Giorgos Karampatsos ◽  
Giorgos Georgiadis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Shot Put

Purpose:Although muscle mass and strength are thought to be closely related to throwing performance, there are few scientific data about these parameters in elite shot-putters. The purpose of this case report was to present longitudinal data for muscle strength and body composition in relation to performance of an elite male shot-putter.Methods:A male national champion with the best rotational shot-put performance of 20.36 m (in 2010) was followed from 2003 to 2011 (current age: 29 y). Data regarding body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), as well as 1-repetition-maximum muscle strength (bench press, squat, snatch) and rotational shot-put performance, were collected every February for the last 9 y, 4 wk before the national indoor championship event.Results:The athlete’s personal-best performances in squat, bench press, and snatch were 175 kg, 210 kg, and 112.5 kg, respectively. His peak total lean body mass was 92.4 kg, bone mineral density 1.55 g/cm2, and lowest body fat 12.9%. His shot-put performance over these 9 years was significantly correlated with 1-repetition-maximum squat strength (r = .93, P < .01), bench press (r = .87, P < .01), and snatch (r = .92, P < .01). In contrast, shot-put performance was not significantly correlated with any of the body-composition parameters.Conclusions:The results of this case study suggest that elite rotational shot-put performance may not be directly correlated with lean body mass. Instead, it seems that it is closely related with measures of muscle strength.

The Effect of Recovery Time on Strength Performance Following a High-Intensity Bench Press Workout in Males and Females

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Judge ◽  
Jeanmarie R. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Recovery Times

Purpose:To determine the effects of training sessions, involving high-resistance, low-repetition bench press exercise, on strength recovery patterns, as a function of gender and training background.Methods:The subjects were 12 athletes (6 males and 6 females) and age-matched college students of both genders (4 males and 4 females). The subjects completed a 3-wk resistance training program involving a bench press exercise, 3 d/wk, to become familiar with the testing procedure. After the completion of the resistance training program, the subjects, on three consecutive weeks, participated in two testing sessions per week, baseline session and recovery session. During the testing sessions, subjects performed fve sets of the bench press exercise at 50% to 100% of perceived fve repetition maximum (5-RM). Following the weekly baseline sessions, subjects rested during a 4-, 24-, or 48-h recovery period. Strength measurements were estimates of one repetition maximum (1-RM), using equivalent percentages for the number of repetitions completed by the subject at the perceived 5-RM effort of the bench press exercise.Results:The full-factorial ANOVA model revealed a Gender by Recovery Period by Testing Session interaction effect, F(2, 32) = 10.65; P < .05. Among male subjects, decreases in estimated 1-RM were detected at the 4- and 24-h recovery times. There were no differences in muscle strength among the female subjects, regardless of recovery time.Conclusions:For bench press exercises, using different recovery times of 48 h for males and 4 h for females may optimize strength development as a function of gender.

The Reliability of Individualized Load–Velocity Profiles

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry G. Banyard ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka ◽  
Alex D. Vernon ◽  
G. Gregory Haff
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Order Polynomial

Purpose: To examine the reliability of peak velocity (PV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), and mean velocity (MV) in the development of load–velocity profiles (LVP) in the full-depth free-weight back squat performed with maximal concentric effort. Methods: Eighteen resistance-trained men performed a baseline 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) back-squat trial and 3 subsequent 1-RM trials used for reliability analyses, with 48-h intervals between trials. 1-RM trials comprised lifts from 6 relative loads including 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, and 100% 1-RM. Individualized LVPs for PV, MPV, or MV were derived from loads that were highly reliable based on the following criteria: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >.70, coefficient of variation (CV) ≤10%, and Cohen d effect size (ES) <0.60. Results: PV was highly reliable at all 6 loads. MPV and MV were highly reliable at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% but not 100% 1-RM (MPV: ICC = .66, CV = 18.0%, ES = 0.10, SEM = 0.04 m·s−1; MV: ICC = .55, CV = 19.4%, ES = 0.08, SEM = 0.04 m·s−1). When considering the reliable ranges, almost perfect correlations were observed for LVPs derived from PV20–100% (r = .91–.93), MPV20–90% (r = .92–.94), and MV20–90% (r = .94–.95). Furthermore, the LVPs were not significantly different (P > .05) between trials or movement velocities or between linear regression versus 2nd-order polynomial fits. Conclusions: PV20–100%, MPV20–90%, and MV20–90% are reliable and can be utilized to develop LVPs using linear regression. Conceptually, LVPs can be used to monitor changes in movement velocity and employed as a method for adjusting sessional training loads according to daily readiness.

scholarly journals Effects of 12 weeks combined weight and chain versus combined weight and elastic band variable resistance training on upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance among untrained males in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Bahram Kashiani ◽  
Soh Kim Geok
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Variable Resistance ◽  
Muscular Performance ◽  
Free Weight ◽  
Elastic Bands

Several studies have shown a positive association between variable resistance training and improvement of muscular performance. However, the most effective type of variable resistance training to improve muscular performance (such as; strength and endurance) in untrained individuals remains unclear. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of 12 weeks combined weight and chain versus combined weight and elastic band variable resistance training on muscular strength and endurance among untrained male adults. Fifty healthy untrained males (age: 21.5 ± 1.95 years) were randomly selected and assigned into three groups: combined weight and chain (WC), combined weight and elastic band (WE), and free-weight (CG). From week 1 until week 12 all groups trained with 3 to 4 sets of 8 - 12 repetitions with 70% to 80% of 1RM for 2 days per week. Approximately 65% of the resistance was provided by free-weights and 35% of the resistance was provided by chains and elastic bands for the WC and WE groups. Upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance using one-repetition maximum, and maximum repetitions were measured before, in the middle and after the intervention. Results reported there were significant increases in upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance in all groups in the middle and after the intervention (p < 0.05), and these variables increased more and faster significantly in WC and WE groups compared with CG group. Finally, although in the middle and after the intervention there were not significant differences in upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance between WE and WC groups (p > 0.05), the results showed WE variable resistance training had a better effect insignificantly to improve upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance in the middle and after 12 weeks of variable resistance training among untrained males.

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