Effects of SAQ Training and Small-Sided Games on Neuromuscular Functioning in Untrained Subjects

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Polman ◽  
Jonathan Bloomfield ◽  
Andrew Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Acceleration Time ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Neuromuscular Functioning

Purpose:The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of both programmed (speed, agility, and quickness; SAQ) and random (small-sided games; SSG) conditioning methods on selected neuromuscular and physical performance variables.Methods:Twenty volunteers (21.1 ± 4.0 y, 1.71 ± 0.09 m, 66.7 ± 9.9 kg; mean ± SD) completed the study. The study design used two physically challenging periodized experimental conditions (SAQ and SSG conditions) and a non exercise control condition (CON). Participants engaged in 12.2 ± 2.1 h of directed physical conditioning. All participants had at least 24 h of recovery between conditioning sessions, and each 1-h session included 15 min of general warm-up and a 45-min exercise session. Participants completed a battery of tests (15-m sprint, isokinetic flexion/extension, depth jump) before and following the training program.Results:There was a 6.9% (95% CI: -4.4 to 18.3) greater improvement in 5-m acceleration time and 4.3% (95% CI: -0.9 to 9.5) in 15-m mean running velocity time for the SAQ group compared with the SSG group. In addition, increases in maximal isokinetic concentric strength for both the flexor and extensor muscles, with the exception of 180 °/s flexion, were greater in the SAQ than SSG condition. The SAQ group also showed 19.5% (95% CI: -11.2 to 50.2) greater gain in reactive strength (contact time depth jump) and 53.8% (95% CI: 11.2 to 98.6) in mean gastrocnemius medialis activity in comparison with SSG.Conclusions:SAQ training should benefit the physical conditioning programs of novice players performing invasion games.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD TO EVALUATE BIOSAFETY CAPACITY OF BARU (Dipteryx alata) PEELS

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 221-240
Author(s):  
E. C. CESARINO ◽  
D. S. MULHOLLAND ◽  
W. FRANCISCO
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Copper Ions ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Dipteryx Alata

This study developed a new analytical method using Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy (MAS) to track the ion cover in adsorption solution per peel (mesocarp) of Baru (Dipteryx alata). The adsorption study was conducted at different pH and contact time (kinetic), encountering 4.0 as the best pH for adsorption experimental conditions. The variation of contact time showed a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic behavior. The interpretation of the isotherms allowed to approach the Langmuir model with R² of 0.918 and to determine the maximum adsorption capacity (qmáx) as 11.481 mg.g⁻¹. The characterization of biomass by MAS in the Infrared (FT-IR) identified the possible functional groups belonging to protein, fatty acids and lipids, while thermal analysis (TG-DSC) showed a greater removal of inorganic matter by the biomass washed with water. The method underwent analytical validation, being classified as specific, sensitive, linear, robust, precise and accurate, with LD (limit of detection) and LQ (limit of quantification) equal to 3.873 and 12.912 mg.L⁻¹, respectively. The results obtained demonstrated the potential use of mesocarp Baru as a natural adsorbent for copper ions in solution, opening power for future expansion and improvement of the method.

Copper Biosorption and Bioprecipitation by Eichhornia spp. and Sulphate Reducing Bacteria

2009 ◽  
Vol 71-73 ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Shailesh R. Dave ◽  
M.S. Damani ◽  
D.R. Tipre
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Copper Removal ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Freundlich Isotherms ◽  
Biomass Influence ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Copper Sorption

Eichhornia spp. biomass collected from Chandola lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Point of zero charge of the biomass was pH 7.3. Flask study showed pH 5 and 2 to 3 h contact time as optimum conditions for copper sorption. In 24 h of contact time, as high as 85% of copper was removed from 100 ppm copper containing solution. In first 2 h of the contact time the removal reached to 67.25%. Copper loading capacity of the biomass ranged between 2.85 to 1.0 g per 100 g of biomass. Influence of pH, temperature, nickel and zinc was studied by 24 factorial experiments. Under the experimental conditions pH and interactions between pH-nickel, temperature-pH and temperature-pH-nickel-zinc were found to be significant with 60 to 74.7% copper removal. As high as 95% of sorbed copper was desorbed with 0.1 N HNO3. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also studied. Reactor study showed 90% overall copper removal from 25 L of copper containing waste and sulfatereducing bacteria played a significant role. Treatment of actual waste also showed 61% of copper removal. SEMquant element analysis showed presence of 12.39% w/w of copper in the biomass exposed to the waste, where as only 0.0018% of copper was detected in unexposed biomas

scholarly journals Optimization, equilibrium and kinetic studies of Zn2+ and Ni2+ adsorption from aqueous solutions using composite adsorbent

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haider M. Zwain ◽  
Mohammadtaghi Vakili ◽  
Irvan Dahlan
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Composite Adsorbent ◽  
Oil Fuel

Abstract A novel RHA/PFA/CFA composite adsorbent was synthesized from rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (PFA), and coal fly ash (CFA) by modified sol-gel method. Effect of different parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH were studied using batch experiment to optimize the maximum zinc (Zn2+) and nickel (Ni2) adsorption conditions. Results showed that the maximum adsorption condition occurred at adsorbent amount of 10 g/L, contact time of 60 min, and pH 7. At this condition, the removal efficiencies were 81% and 61% for Zn2+ and Ni2+, in which the adsorption capacities (qmax) were 21.74 mg/g and 17.85 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption behavior of RHA/PFA/CFA composite adsorbent was studied through the various isotherm models at different adsorbent amounts. The results indicated that the Freundlich isotherm model gave an excellent agreement with the experimental conditions. Based on the results obtained from the kinetic studies, pseudo-second-order was suitable for the adsorption of Ni2+ and Zn2+, compared to the pseudo-first-order model. The results presented in this study showed that RHA/PFA/CFA composite adsorbent successfully adsorbed Zn2+ and Ni2.

scholarly journals Spastic diparetic does not directly affect the capacity to ascend and descend access ramps: three-dimensional analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tainá Ribas Mélo ◽  
Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães ◽  
Vera Lúcia Israel
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Posterior Trunk ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Introduction: Diplegic children have difficulties in gait and therefore ramps are used as strategies of accessibility. Objective: The present study investigated the influence of an inclined surface (ascending and descending) on the kinematic characteristics during gait of the diplegic group (DG) when compared to typically developing children of the control group (CG). Methods: Study participants included 20 children (10 with DG and 10 CG) matched by age, which were evaluated in three experimental conditions (horizontal and inclined ascending and inclined descending surfaces of 7º) through an optoelectronic imaging system. Results: Among the linear kinematic variables, only step width differed among groups, however, without influence of the surface. The foot height differed among the groups only in the descending phase, where DG had greater difficulty in raising the foot. The 3-dimensional gait analyses could not provide more evidences of differences in kinematics variables, especially in transverse plane, between DG and CG, but provide some evidence to support that hip range of motion (ROM) during the gait cycle, hip flexion-extension in initial contact, knee ROM and the 2nd anterior-posterior trunk peak amplitude of the DG were influenced on descent by their flexor pattern. Conclusion: The DG was most affected by the inclination plane than CG especially on descent. Although a hip and knee flexor pattern is evident for DG on inclination of 7º, this angle is accessible since it allows independent gait functional activity.

scholarly journals Recovery and Then Individual Separation of Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium from Spent Car Catalytic Converters Using Hydrometallurgical Technique followed by Successive Precipitation Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Yousif
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Leaching Solution

Recovery of PGMs (especially rhodium, platinum, and palladium) from different spent manufactured products (like catalytic converters) is considered as an important task as they are rarely found in nature, and they possess high economic value. In this work, the honeycomb of a car catalytic converter was primarily processed by crushing, grinding, and then treating in a hydrogen atmosphere. In order to establish an economic and ecofriendly method for the recovery of studied PGMs, different experimental conditions of changing HCl/H2O2 (as a leaching solution) ratio, temperature, and contact time were studied through batch experiments to obtain the optimum leaching conditions. The use of 0.8 vol% H2O2 and 9.0 M HCl mixture at 60°C for a contact time of 2.5 hours during the leaching process may be considered as the best conditions to be followed to save chemicals, energy, and time (about 86%, 96%, and 98% of Rh, Pt, and Pd were recovered, respectively). Individual separation of PGM ions from each other using precipitation technique from their leaching liquor was performed where % purity values of 99.5, 99.3, and 95.5 were obtained for Pt, Pd, and Rh, respectively.

Potassium Permanganate and Chlorine Reactions with Natural Organic Compounds in Algerian Surface Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 1383-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Achour ◽  
Saadia Guergazi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Natural Organic Compounds ◽  
Chlorine Demand ◽  
Permanganate Consumption

The aim of this work is to study effect of two powerful oxidants (potassium permanganate and chlorine) on natural organic matter in surface waters. Trials are conducted out with three Algerian surface waters under controlled experimental conditions (oxidant dose applied and contact time). Permanganate was used alone in the first step, while the combination permanganate-chlorine was used in the second step.As for chlorine demand, permanganate consumption seems correlated with physicochemical characteristics of waters and particularly the nature and content of organic matter. The effect of a coupling preoxidation by permanganate / post-chlorination resulted in a decrease of chlorine consumption and amounts of produced trihalomethanes.

Ammonium Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using an Ammonium Ion-Exchange Material, the Equilibrium Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Lu Hua You ◽  
Xin Tan ◽  
Qiong Qiong Liu ◽  
Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Initial Solution ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Initial Solution Concentration ◽  
Exchange Material

This article investigates the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions using the ammonium ion-exchange material prepared by the modified kaolin. Batch tests were performed under a range of conditions to assess the effect of initial solution concentration, contact time and solution PH on the performance and capacity of the media for this application. The findings show that increasing initial solution concentration and contact time provide the best performance at an optimum PH of between 6 and 7 and the maximum ammonium adsorption capacity reaches at 79mgNH4+g-1 under the experimental conditions studied. Five isotherm models were used to describe the isotherm data. Three-parameter isotherm models (Redlich–Peterson and Langmuir–Freundlich) prove a better fit than two-parameter isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin). These results indicate that the ammonium ion-exchange material is a promising material for cost-effective removal of ammonium from wastewater.

scholarly journals Disinfection efficacy of chlorine and peracetic acid alone or in combination against Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans in drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Sisti ◽  
Giorgio Brandi ◽  
Mauro De Santi ◽  
Laura Rinaldi ◽  
Giuditta F. Schiavano
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Complete Inactivation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fungicidal activity of chlorine and peracetic acid in drinking water against various pathogenic Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans strains. A. nidulans exhibited the greatest resistance, requiring 10 ppm of chlorine for 30 min contact time for a complete inactivation. Under the same experimental conditions, peracetic acid was even less fungicidal. In this case, A. niger proved to be the most resistant species (50 ppm for 60 min for complete inactivation). All Aspergillus spp. were insensitive to 10 ppm even with extended exposure (>5 h). The combination of chlorine and peracetic acid against Aspergillus spp. did not show synergistic effects except in the case of A. flavus. Complete growth inhibition of C. albicans was observed after about 3 h contact time with 0.2 ppm. C. albicans was less sensitive to peracetic acid. Hence the concentrations of chlorine that are usually present in drinking water distribution systems are ineffective against several Aspergillus spp. and peracetic acid cannot be considered an alternative to chlorine for disinfecting drinking water. The combination of the two biocides is not very effective in eliminating filamentous fungi at the concentrations permitted for drinking water disinfection.

scholarly journals Robotic Assessment of Wrist Proprioception During Kinaesthetic Perturbations: A Neuroergonomic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika D'Antonio ◽  
Elisa Galofaro ◽  
Jacopo Zenzeri ◽  
Fabrizio Patané ◽  
Jürgen Konczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Clinical Scales ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Presentation Sequence

Position sense refers to an aspect of proprioception crucial for motor control and learning. The onset of neurological diseases can damage such sensory afference, with consequent motor disorders dramatically reducing the associated recovery process. In regular clinical practice, assessment of proprioceptive deficits is run by means of clinical scales which do not provide quantitative measurements. However, existing robotic solutions usually do not involve multi-joint movements but are mostly applied to a single proximal or distal joint. The present work provides a testing paradigm for assessing proprioception during coordinated multi-joint distal movements and in presence of kinaesthetic perturbations: we evaluated healthy subjects' ability to match proprioceptive targets along two of the three wrist's degrees of freedom, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. By introducing rotations along the pronation/supination axis not involved in the matching task, we tested two experimental conditions, which differed in terms of the temporal imposition of the external perturbation: in the first one, the disturbance was provided after the presentation of the proprioceptive target, while in the second one, the rotation of the pronation/ supination axis was imposed during the proprioceptive target presentation. We investigated if (i) the amplitude of the perturbation along the pronation/supination would lead to proprioceptive miscalibration; (ii) the encoding of proprioceptive target, would be influenced by the presentation sequence between the target itself and the rotational disturbance. Eighteen participants were tested by means of a haptic neuroergonomic wrist device: our findings provided evidence that the order of disturbance presentation does not alter proprioceptive acuity. Yet, a further effect has been noticed: proprioception is highly anisotropic and dependent on perturbation amplitude. Unexpectedly, the configuration of the forearm highly influences sensory feedbacks, and significantly alters subjects' performance in matching the proprioceptive targets, defining portions of the wrist workspace where kinaesthetic and proprioceptive acuity are more sensitive. This finding may suggest solutions and applications in multiple fields: from general haptics where, knowing how wrist configuration influences proprioception, might suggest new neuroergonomic solutions in device design, to clinical evaluation after neurological damage, where accurately assessing proprioceptive deficits can dramatically complement regular therapy for a better prediction of the recovery path.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL DEMAND IN SOCCER SMALL-SIDED GAMES: INFLUENCE OF TEAM COMPOSITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
Gibson Moreira Praça ◽  
Marcelo Vilhena Silva ◽  
Raphael Brito e Sousa ◽  
Juan Carlos Pérez Morales ◽  
Pablo Juan Greco
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Team Composition ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Physical Demand ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
Paired T Test

ABSTRACT Introduction Small-sided games (SSG) are used as training tools for physical conditioning in soccer. To date, however, it is unknown whether team composition affects athletes’ physical performance. Specifically, based on the differences presented by players of different positions, it is expected that the use of positional status as a criterion for team composition will affect players’ physical performance. Objective To compare the physical demands of SSG in teams composed of young soccer players in the same position or different positions. Methods 12 U-15 soccer players participated in the study. The athletes performed 3v3 SSGs under two conditions: teams in which the athletes played in the same position (i.e. three defenders), and teams in which the players took up different positions (i.e. defender, midfielder and attacker). Data were obtained on total distance traveled, distance in speed zones, and accelerations, using GPS devices. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test, comparing the two experimental conditions. Results There was higher physical demand among defenders and midfielders when the SSG was performed with athletes playing in the same position, in terms of distances covered in different speed zones. However, there were no differences in relation to acceleration actions. Conclusion Team composition affects the physical performance of soccer athletes during 3v3 SSG. Level of evidence IV; Case series.

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