Effect of the Number of Ball Contacts Within Bouts of 4 vs. 4 Small-Sided Soccer Games

Purpose:The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the number of ball touches authorized per possession on the physical demands, technical performances and physiological responses throughout the bouts within 4 vs. 4 soccer small-sided games (SSGs).Methods:Twenty international soccer players (27.4 ± 1.5 y, 180.6 ± 2.3 cm, 79.2 ± 4.2 kg, body fat 12.7 ± 1.2%) performed three different 4 vs. 4 SSGs (4 × 4 min) in which the number of ball touches authorized per possession was manipulated (1 touch = 1T; 2 touches = 2T; Free Play = FP). The SSGs were divided in 4 bouts (B1, B2, B3 and B4) separated by 3 min of passive recovery. The physical performances, technical activities, heart rate responses, blood lactate and RPE were analyzed.Results:The FP rule presented greater number of duels, induced the lowest decreases of the sprint and high-intensity performances, and affected less the technical actions (successful passes and number of ball losses) from B1 to B4 as compared with 1T and 2T forms. Moreover, the SSG played in 1T form led to reach higher solicitation of the high-intensity actions while players presented more difficulty to perform a correct technical action.Conclusions:The modification of the number of ball touches authorized per possession affects the soccer player activity from the first to the last bout of SSG, indicating that the determination of this rule has to be precisely planned by the coach according to the objectives of the training.

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Physiological Response, Time–Motion Characteristics, and Reproducibility of Various Speed-Endurance Drills in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Small-Sided Games Versus Generic Running

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0390 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 471-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Jack D. Ade ◽

Jamie A. Harley ◽

Paul S. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Heart Rate Response ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Time Motion ◽

Motion Characteristics

Purpose:To quantify the physiological responses, time–motion characteristics, and reproducibility of various speed-endurance-production (SEP) and speed-endurance-maintenance (SEM) drills.Methods:Sixteen elite male youth soccer players completed 4 drills: SEP 1 v 1 small-sided game (SSG), SEP running drill, SEM 2 v 2 SSG, and SEM running drill. Heart-rate response, blood lactate concentration, subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and time–motion characteristics were recorded for each drill.Results:The SEP and SEM running drills elicited greater (P < .05) heart-rate responses, blood lactate concentrations, and RPE than the respective SSGs (ES 1.1–1.4 and 1.0–3.2). Players covered less (P < .01) total distance and high-intensity distance in the SEP and SEM SSGs than in the respective running drills (ES 6.0–22.1 and 3.0–18.4). Greater distances (P < .01) were covered in high to maximum acceleration/deceleration bands during the SEP and SEM SSGs than the respective running drills (ES 2.6–4.6 and 2.3–4.8). The SEP SSG and generic running protocols produced greater (P < .05) blood lactate concentrations than the respective SEM protocols (ES 1.2–1.7). Small to moderate test–retest variability was observed for heart-rate response (CV 0.9–1.9%), RPE (CV 2.9–5.7%), and blood lactate concentration (CV 9.9–14.4%); moderate to large test–retest variability was observed for high-intensity-running parameters (CV > 11.3%) and the majority of accelerations/deceleration distances (CV > 9.8%) for each drill.Conclusions:The data demonstrate the potential to tax the anaerobic energy system to different extents using speed-endurance SSGs and that SSGs elicit greater acceleration/deceleration load than generic running drills.

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Influence of players’ physical performances on the variation of the external and internal responses to repeated bouts of small-sided games across youth age categories

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1177/17543371211017576 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 175433712110175

Author(s):

Daniel Castillo ◽

Javier Yanci ◽

Javier Raya-González ◽

Ángel Lago-Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Peak Heart Rate ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Total Distance ◽

Physical Performances ◽

Training Impulse ◽

And Training ◽

Age Category

The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to test for differences on the external and internal responses encountered by youth soccer players during four bouts of 5-a-side small-sided game (SSG) across age categories and, (2) to analyze the external and internal responses attending to players’ sprinting and jumping profile within each age-category (i.e. under 14 (U14), under 16 (U16) and under 18 (U18)). Forty-eight young soccer players participated in this study and were distributed by each age-category. Players were classified based on jumping-profile (stronger and weaker) and sprint-profile (faster and slower). Also, players played four bouts of 4 min of a 5-a-side SSG, including goalkeepers. Likewise, external responses (i.e. total distance, distance covered at walking, jogging and high-intensity speeds, number of accelerations and decelerations, body impacts and player load) and internal responses (peak heart rate, % of peak heart rate and training impulse) were collected. The main results revealed a significant age-category by bout interaction for total distance covered, distance at jogging, number of accelerations, body impacts and player load for players from the U16 and U18 age categories, showing lower values during the last bouts, compared to the first bouts ( p ≤ 0.001–0.020, [Formula: see text] = 0.13–0.17). Moreover, while no significant ( p = 0.09–0.95) sprint-profile by bout interaction was found for the registered variables across age categories, stronger U18 players showed a smaller decrease across bouts for distance covered at high-intensity, compared to weaker U18 players. These findings suggest there is a need for coaching staff to include training strategies that allow for reducing accumulated neuromuscular fatigue in U16 and U18 age categories.

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Exercise intensity during official soccer matches

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p621 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 621 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Barbosa Coelho ◽

Rodney Coelho da Paixão ◽

Emerson Cruz de Oliveira ◽

Lenice Kappes Becker ◽

João Batista Ferreira-Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Field Test ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Age Groups ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽

Intensity Of Exercise ◽

In The Beginning

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p621 The aims of the study were: 1) to analyze the exercise intensity in several phases (six phases of 15 min) of soccer matches; 2) to compare the match time spent above anaerobic threshold (AT) between different age groups (U-17 and U-20); and 3) to compare the match time spent above AT between players’ positions (backs, midfielders, forwards and wingabcks). Forty-four male soccer players were analyzed. To express players’ effort, the heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored in 29 official matches. Further, HR corresponding to the intensity at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) was obtained in a field test. The highest exercise intensity during match was observed in the 15-30 min period of the first half (p< 0.05). Match time spent above AT was not different between players from U-17 and U-20. In the comparison among players’ positions, wingbacks showed lower time above AT (p< 0.05) than players of other positions. The intensity of effort is higher in the 15 to 30 minutes of play (intermediate phase), probably because the players are more rested in the beginning and wearing out is progressive throughout the game. It is also noteworthy that the intensity of exercise (HR and time above AT) of wingbacks was lower, probably because they usually are required to run a larger number of sprints and need more time below the AT to recover.

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Additional players and half-court areas enhance group tactical-technical behavior and decrease physical and physiological responses in basketball small-sided games

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/17479541211053638 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174795412110536

Author(s):

Sarah da Glória Teles Bredt ◽

Daniel de Souza Camargo ◽

Bernardo Vidigal Borges Mortoza ◽

André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade ◽

Leopoldo Augusto Paolucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Team Sports ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Numerical Equality ◽

Acceleration Zone ◽

Physical Performances ◽

Number Of Passes ◽

Game Type

Small-sided games are used to improve tactical-technical and physical performances in team sports. This study compared the physical, physiological, and tactical-technical responses during 3 versus 3 basketball small-sided games performed in full and half-court: numerical equality (3 vs. 3), numerical superiority (4 vs. 3), and with a non-scorer floater (3 vs. 3 + 1). A total of 45 U-14 and U-15 male athletes participated in the study. They were divided into three-player teams and played one 4-minute bout of each small-sided game type. Heart rate and the time spent in four acceleration zones (0.0–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–1.5, and 1.5–2.0 g) were recorded using heart rate monitors and triaxial accelerometers. Small-sided games were filmed for the analysis of tactical-technical behavior. Results showed a higher frequency of space creation without the ball, and a mean number of passes per offense in the formats 4 versus 3 and 3 versus 3 + 1, and a lower frequency of space creation with the ball dribbled in 3 versus 3 + 1 compared with 3 versus 3. Physical and physiological responses were higher in the full-court regardless of format and in numerical equality regardless of court area; only the time spent in the highest acceleration zone was higher in half-court small-sided games. We concluded that additional players increase group tactical actions and decrease physical and physiological responses in 3 versus 3 basketball small-sided games.

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Physiological aspects and energetic contribution in 20s:10s high-intensity interval exercise at different intensities

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9791 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9791

Author(s):

Gabriel V. Protzen ◽

Charles Bartel ◽

Victor S. Coswig ◽

Paulo Gentil ◽

Fabricio B. Del Vecchio

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Power Output ◽

High Intensity ◽

Interval Training ◽

Random Order ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Work Intensity ◽

High Intensity Interval

Background One of the most popular high-intensity interval exercises is the called “Tabata Protocol”. However, most investigations have limitations in describing the work intensity, and this fact appears to be due to the protocol unfeasibility. Furthermore, the physiological demands and energetic contribution during this kind of exercise remain unclear. Methods Eight physically active students (21.8 ± 3.7 years) and eight well-trained cycling athletes (27.8 ± 6.4 years) were enrolled. In the first visit, we collected descriptive data and the peak power output (PPO). On the next three visits, in random order, participants performed interval training with the same time structure (effort:rest 20s:10s) but using different intensities (115%, 130%, and 170% of PPO). We collected the number of sprints, power output, oxygen consumption, blood lactate, and heart rate. Results The analysis of variance for multivariate test (number of sprints, power output, blood lactate, peak heart rate and percentage of maximal heart rate) showed significant differences between groups (F = 9.62; p = 0.001) and intensities (F = 384.05; p < 0.001), with no interactions (F = 0.94; p = 0.57). All three energetic contributions and intensities were different between protocols. The higher contribution was aerobic, followed by alactic and lactic. The aerobic contribution was higher at 115%PPO, while the alactic system showed higher contribution at 130%PPO. In conclusion, the aerobic system was predominant in the three exercise protocols, and we observed a higher contribution at lower intensities.

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Associations Between Selected Training-Stress Measures and Fitness Changes in Male Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0462 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1050-1057 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alireza Rabbani ◽

Mehdi Kargarfard ◽

Carlo Castagna ◽

Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽

Craig Twist

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Running Performance ◽

Total Distance ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Before And After ◽

Body Load ◽

Training Stress ◽

Training Impulse

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between accumulated global positioning system–accelerometer-based and heart rate–based training metrics and changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity during an in-season phase in professional soccer players. Methods: Eleven male professional players (mean [SD] age 27.2 [4.5] y) performed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) before and after a 5-wk in-season training phase, and the final velocity (VIFT) was considered their high-intensity intermittent-running capacity. During all sessions, Edwards training impulse (Edwards TRIMP), Banister TRIMP, Z5 TRIMP, training duration, total distance covered, new body load (NBL), high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 14.4 km·h−1), and very-high-intensity running performance (distance covered above 19.8 km·h−1) were recorded. Results: The players’ VIFT showed a most likely moderate improvement (+4.3%, 90% confidence limits 3.1–5.5%, effect size 0.70, [0.51–0.89]). Accumulated NBL, Banister TRIMP, and Edwards TRIMP showed large associations (r = .51–.54) with changes in VIFT. A very large relationship was also observed between accumulated Z5 TRIMP (r = .72) with changes in VIFT. Large to nearly perfect within-individual relationships were observed between NBL and some of the other training metrics (ie, Edwards TRIMP, Banister TRIMP, training duration, and total distance) in 10 out of 11 players. Conclusions: Heart rate–based training metrics can be used to monitor high-intensity intermittent-running-capacity changes in professional soccer players. The dose–response relationship is also largely detected using accelerometer-based metrics (ie, NBL) to track changes in high-intensity intermittent-running capacity of professional soccer players.

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Metabolic, muscle damage and heart rate responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches of varied duration

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.48.2.13 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 182-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leonardo Vidal Andreato ◽

Valeria Leme Gonçalves Panissa ◽

Emerson Franchini ◽

Solange Marta Franzói de Moraes ◽

Eloa Jacques Pastório ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Body Fat ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Metabolic Responses ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Direct Influence ◽

Hormonal Responses ◽

Varied Duration

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes during matches of varied duration. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 29±5 years old, body mass: 77.5±6.3 kg, body fat: 10.0±5.2%, systematic BJJ practice: 10±2 years) were analyzed in matches of varied duration (2-min, 5-min, 8-min and 10-min). Blood collection was performed to determine energetic demands, hormonal responses and muscle damage. The main results showed that a longer duration of combat generated higher lactate (p<.001) and glucose (p=.004) concentrations. However, when the data were corrected for the effort time, higher lactate concentrations (p<.001) and higher heart rates (p<.001) were found in shorter duration combats. No changes were observed concerning insulin (p=.870), triglycerides (p=.219), total cholesterol (p=.170), albumin (p=.060) and urea (p=.772) values. For markers of muscle damage, no alterations were detected for creatine kinase (p=.401). However, evidence of muscle damage was found, as increased lactate desidrogenase (p=.012) and creatinine (p=.002) concentrations were observed, particularly in the matches of a longer duration. Thus, it is concluded that different combat times have a direct influence on the physiological, hormonal and metabolic responses.

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Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1982.52.4.869 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 869-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 204

Author(s):

F. Conconi ◽

M. Ferrari ◽

P. G. Ziglio ◽

P. Droghetti ◽

L. Codeca

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Field Test ◽

Anaerobic Threshold ◽

Initial Velocity ◽

Running Speed ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between running speed (RS) and heart rate (HR) was determined in 210 runners. On a 400-m track the athletes ran continuously from an initial velocity of 12–14 km/h to submaximal velocities varying according to the athlete's capability. The HRs were determined through ECG. In all athletes examined, a deflection from the expected linearity of the RS-HR relationship was observed at submaximal RS. The test-retest correlation for the velocities at which this deflection from linearity occurred (Vd) determined in 26 athletes was 0.99. The velocity at the anaerobic threshold (AT), established by means of blood lactate measurements, and Vd were coincident in 10 runners. The correlation between Vd and average running speed (mean RS) in competition was 0.93 in the 5,000 m (mean Vd = 19.13 +/- 1.08 km/h; mean RS = 20.25 +/- 1.15 km/h), 0.95 in the marathon (mean Vd = 18.85 +/- 1.15 km/h; mean RS = 17.40 +/- 1.14 km/h), and 0.99 in the 1-h race (mean Vd = 18.70 +/- 0.98 km/h; mean RS = 18.65 +/- 0.92 km/h), thus showing that AT is critical in determining the running pace in aerobic competitive events.

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The Reciprocal Association between Fitness Indicators and Sleep Quality in the Context of Recent Sport Injury

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17134810 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (13) ◽

pp. 4810

Author(s):

Vasileios T. Stavrou ◽

Kyriaki Astara ◽

Zoe Daniil ◽

Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis ◽

Konstantinos Kalabakas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Sleep Quality ◽

Body Fat ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Body Water ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Predicted Values ◽

Total Body

The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the oxygen uptake and heart rate at rest, in Greek professional soccer players, are affected by recent injuries, as well as how sleep quality is affected. Forty-two male professional soccer players were included in the study and divided into two groups: injurygroup (n = 22, age: 21.6 ± 5.4 years, body fat: 11.0 ± 3.9%, total body water: 64.0 ± 2.5%) and no-injurygroup (n = 20, age: 24.2 ± 5.6 years, body fat: 10.1 ± 2.8%, total body water: 64.3 ± 1.8%). The oxygen uptake at rest (VO2resting, mL/min/kg) and heart rate (HR, bpm) were recorded in the upright position for 3 min, and the predicted values were calculated. One hour before, the athletes answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The results showed a difference between groups (injurygroup vs. no-injurygroup) in VO2resting (7.5 ± 1.4 vs. 5.5 ± 1.2 mL/min/kg, p < 0.001) and percent of predicted values (92.5 ± 17.2 vs. 68.3 ± 14.6%, p < 0.001) and HR, such as beats per min (100.6 ± 12.8 vs. 93.1 ± 4.6 bpm, p = 0.001), percent of predicted values (50.7 ± 6.4 vs. 47.6 ± 2.8%, p = 0.003) and sleep quality score (PSQI: 4.9 ± 2.2 vs. 3.1 ± 0.9, p = 0.005). Anthropometric characteristics were not different between groups. Oxygen consumption and heart rate at rest are affected by the systemic adaptations due to injury. These pathophysiological changes probably relate to increased blood flow in an attempt to restore the injury area.

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