CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY LOAD IN PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overtraining in football is caused by an imbalance between body load, stress, and recovery. High-volume non-scientific physical training and continuous high-intensity football matches are often the main reasons for the overtraining of athletes. Objective: This article explores the characteristics of the changes in physical function of football players during a complete training cycle. Methods: We use experimental methods to analyze the changes in the physical load characteristics of football players during high-intensity training. Results: Creatine kinase, urea nitrogen, and oxygen transport indicators did not change significantly during football training. Testosterone and cortisol will gradually increase with an increase of exercise load. Conclusion: In football training, we need to reasonably arrange the total exercise volume, exercise intensity, and exercise interval time of the athletes according to the trainer’s physical adaptability and athletic ability, supplemented with nutrition and enthusiasm recovery measures. These methods can improve or enhance the physical function of football players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Variability of External Intensity Comparisons between Official and Friendly Soccer Matches in Professional Male Players

The aims of this study were to compare the external intensity between official (OMs) and friendly matches (FMs), and between first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Twelve players participated in this study (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg). External intensity was measured by total duration, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and body load. In general, there was higher intensity in OMs compared with FMs for all variables. The first half showed higher intensities than the second half, regardless of the type of the match. Specifically, OMs showed higher values for total sprint distance (p = 0.012, ES = 0.59) and maximal speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.27) but lower value for body load (p = 0.038, ES = −0.42) compared to FMs. The first half of FMs only showed lower value for body load (p = 0.004, ES = −0.38) than FMs, while in the second half of OMs, only total distance showed a higher value than FMs (p = 0.013, ES = 0.96). OMs showed higher demands of high intensity, questioning the original assumption of FMs demands. Depending on the period of the season that FMs are applied, coaches may consider requesting higher demands from their teams.

Analysis of Sports Injury Estimation Model Based on Mutation Fuzzy Neural Network

In recent years, with the gradual development of sports, the competition between athletes is becoming more and more fierce. The long training time and heavy body load of athletes lead to the increase of the incidence of sports injury, and the evaluation and analysis of athletes’ sports injury need a lot of manpower and material resources. In order to improve the calculation efficiency of sports injury estimation results and save the cost of estimation and analysis, we propose a sports injury estimation model based on the algorithm model of mutation fuzzy neural network. The sports injury model constructed in this paper can not only systematically evaluate and analyze the degree of sports injury of athletes, but also improve the accuracy and efficiency; at the same time, it has universality for the evaluation and analysis of the degree of sports injury. The construction of this model provides the theoretical basis of big data algorithm for the prevention of sports injury and the application of mutation fuzzy neural network in the field of sports.

Vitamins Composition in Clarias gariepinus Fish Body Parts (Liver, Muscle, Head): Reporting on Samples on Fresh, Smoked-Dried and Dry Extract Bases

An investigation into the vitamins composition levels in Clariasgariepinus fish was carried out and reported in dry extract/fresh; dry extract / smoked-dried on individual vitamins and the sum of the whole vitamins. Parts investigated were liver, muscle and head. Whereas fresh and smoked-dried data were laboratory results, the dry extract portions were calculated and reported as dry extract /fresh sample, dry extract / smoked-dried sample for liver, muscle and head. Results obtained ran thus and all values were in mg/100g vitamin where d = difference, CV% = coefficient of variation and % difference = % value that shows what made dry extract value greater than its reported comparison: dry extract/fresh, % d = 74.5 (all), CV% = 84.0 (all), in liver; dry extract/smoked, % d =24.5 (all), CV% = 19.7 (all), in liver; dry extract/fresh, % d = 74.3 (all), CV% = 83.6 (all), in muscle; ndry extract/smoked, % d = 10.2 (all), CV% =7.60 (all), in muscle;m dry extract/fresh, % d = 68.5 (all), CV% = 73.7 (all), in head; dry extract/smoked, % d = 9.10 (all), CV% = 6.74 (all), in head; dry extract/fresh, % d = 71.9- 74.5, CV% = 79.4 - 82.4 in total vitamin body load; dry extract/smoked, % d = 9. 69- 24.5, CV% = 7.20 - 19.7 in total vitamin body load; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 69.6 - 82.0 in liver; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 72.3 - 76.3 in muscle; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 62.9 - 75.2 in head; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 69.7- 79.0 in total vitamins body load.Among the dry extract values calculated from fresh samples and subjected to chi-square (χ2) values, significant values were observed in vitamins B6, C, A, B1, D, E and total at α=0.05. In the dry extract values from smoked samples, only three significant χ2 values in vitamins A, E and total were observed. In reflection to vitamin concentration levels, percentage higher levels in dry extracts (from fresh) had these trends: liver (74.5%) > muscle (74.3%) > head (68.5%) whereas from smoked, we had liver (24.5%) > muscle (10.2%) > head (9.10%). Also total vitamin body load from dry extract (fresh) was 71.9-74.5% difference and dry extract (smoked) was 9.69 -24.5% difference. It should be noted that liver occupied the higher part of the range in the two comparisons, like 74.5% (fresh) and 24.5% (smoked).

Analysis On The Trends And Evolution of Aerobic Exercise Science Research In The United States Based on Knowledge Atlas

BackgroundAerobic exercise is an effective physical exercise to promote human health and prevent diseases. It has been the focus of attention from all walks of life. Only by effectively grasping the key documents can we enter the forefront of relevant research fields.MethodsUsing the Web of ScienceTM core collection, 1,833 documents from the American aerobic exercise studies, which conducted scientific measurement and visual analysis using the CiteSpace? analysis softwareResultsAmerican aerobic research development of polynomial function growth, the main research focus in the university research institutions, formed the sports science dominated multidisciplinary group, research mainly focus on the cognitive improvement and heart function of cardio, aerobic exercise training and health, exercise risk, body composition and body load in the evolution of body load. In recent years, aerobic exercise research has been introduced to enhance human health, in the process of developing cardiovascular disease, strength training, exercise intensity, weight control, human inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, randomized controlled experiments and resistance resistance training gradually evolved into a new trend of aerobic exercise research in the United States.ConclusionsAerobic exercise research has been introduced to enhance human health, in the process of developing cardiovascular disease, strength training, exercise intensity, weight control, human inflammation, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, randomized controlled experiments and resistance resistance training gradually evolved into a new trend of aerobic exercise research in the United States.

AUTOMATED MEDICAL AND HEALTH-IMPROVING DEVICE

The article presents a pneumatic and functional diagram of an automated medical and health-improving device (LOW), the structure of the matrix of pneumatic chambers along the length and width of the LOW and a diagram of the distribution of the human body load on the LOW, depending on the ratio of the load on the surface, are developed.

Evaluation of force feedback in walking using joint torques as 'naturalistic' stimuli

Control of adaptive walking requires the integration of sensory signals of muscle force and load. We have studied how mechanoreceptors (tibial campaniform sensilla) encode 'naturalistic' stimuli derived from joint torques of stick insects walking on a horizontal substrate. Previous studies showed that forces applied to the legs using the mean torque profiles of a proximal joint were highly effective in eliciting motor activities. However, substantial variations in torque direction and magnitude occurred at the more distal femoro-tibial joint, which can generate braking or propulsive forces and provide lateral stability. To determine how these forces are encoded, we utilized torque waveforms of individual steps that had maximum values in stance in the directions of flexion or extension. Analysis of kinematic data showed that the torques in different directions tended to occur in different ranges of joint angles. Variations within stance were not accompanied by comparable changes in joint angle but often reflected vertical ground reaction forces and leg support of body load. Application of torque waveforms elicited sensory discharges with variations in firing frequency similar to those seen in freely walking insects. All sensilla directionally encoded the dynamics of force increases and showed hysteresis to transient force decreases. Smaller receptors exhibited more tonic firing. Our findings suggest that dynamic sensitivity in force feedback can modulate ongoing muscle activities to stabilize distal joints when large forces are generated at proximal joints. Further, use of 'naturalistic' stimuli can reproduce characteristics seen in freely moving animals that are absent in conventional restrained preparations.

Acute, chronic and acute/chronic ratio between starters and non-starters professional soccer players across a competitive season

Quantifying the external training load across the season related to the starting status of players could be relevant for physical conditioning staff, since one of the main goals is to apply the adequate individual training load. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) monitor the acute workload (wAW), chronic workload (wCW), and acute/chronic workload ratio (wACWR) on a weekly basis using the body load (BL) in starter and non-starter professional soccer players; and (2) analyze the differences between starters and non-starters for wAW, wCW, and wACWR using BL, and (3) analyze the weekly average of distance and sprint variables during four periods of the season (pre-, early-, mid-, and end-season). Twenty-one professional soccer players (28.3 ± 3.8 years; 181.2 ± 7.0 cm; 74.4 ± 7.7 kg) belonging to the same team competing in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League were evaluated for a period of 48 weeks (one soccer season). The season was divided into pre-season (weeks 1–5), early-season (weeks 6–19), mid-season (weeks 20–35), and end-season (weeks 36–48). Players were classified according to their starting status: players who were in the starting line-up (i.e. starters) and players who did not make the starting line-up (i.e. non-starters). The results showed greater weekly wAW and wCW for starters compared to non-starters during the mid-season (wAW: p = 0.008, g = −1.24; wCW: p = 0.006; g = −1.31) and end-season (wAW: p = 0.001, g = −1.66; wCW: p = 0.001; g = −1.62). Starters also showed greater weekly total distance (wTD), sprint total distance (wSTD), high-speed running distance (wHSRd), and repeated sprints compared with non-starters across all four periods ( p < 0.05; g = −1.36 to −4.95), higher wHSRd/wTD during pre-season ( p = 0.007, g = −1.28) and mid-season ( p = 0.001, g = −1.62) and a greater wSTD/wTD during pre-season ( p = 0.029, g = −0.99). Based on these findings, coaches and strength and conditioning specialists should individualize training according to match exposure throughout a competitive season.

Comparison of Running Distance Variables and Body Load in Competitions Based on Their Results: A Full-Season Study of Professional Soccer Players

The aims of this study were to compare the external workload in win, draw and defeat matches and to compare first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Observations on individual match performance measures were undertaken on thirteen outfield players (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg; BMI, 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m2) competing in the Iranian Premier League. High-speed activities selected for analysis included total duration of matches, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and GPS-derived body load data. In general, there were higher workloads in win matches when compared with draw or defeat for all variables; higher workloads in the first halves of win and draw matches; higher total distance, high-speed running distance and body load in the second half in defeat matches. Specifically, lower average speed was found in matches with a win than with draw or defeat (p < 0.05). Sprint distance was higher in the first half of win than defeat matches and high-speed running distance was lower in draw than defeat matches (all, p < 0.05). In addition, first half presented higher values for all variables, regardless of the match result. Specifically, high-speed running distance was higher in the first half of matches with a win (p = 0.08) and total distance was higher in the first half of matches with a draw (p = 0.012). In conclusion, match result influences the external workload demands and must be considered in subsequent training sessions and matches.

An Evaluation of Knee Overuse Injuries and Sleep Disturbance Among Men and Women Fencers

Fencing is an Olympic sport, it has many associations and competitions around the world. Modern fencing originated in ancient European fencing duels, which was popular among the nobility and became a way of resolving conflicts. Not only did fencing rise in Europe, but also it was popular in ancient Egypt, China, Arabia and other countries. China first combined the theory of fencing with the theory of politics. According to ancient Chinese records, in the 4th century BC, the Chinese philosopher Zhou Zhuang taught the King of Zhao the philosophy of fencing. Zhou Zhuang declared that if the King used the blade, he should observe the political environment of the whole county, following the wills of the people and the laws of nature. Then, he could make the whole county obey him.France is the cradle of modern fencing. The fencing mask was invented in 1776, and the weight of the blade was lightened to match in the 19th century. At the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. In this time, male’s fencing became an official sport, and female’s fencing entered the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924 later.At present, researches on fencing mainly focus on the training, strategic, tactics and physiological mechanism. In other words, they concern the performance of fencers in training, but ignore their recovery and life. They are in an asymmetrical position for a long time in training, which is easier to accumulate fatigue in the dominant side, especially the knee joint. Pain from the overuse injury or other factors are known to affect sleep quality, but very little researches have been done for fencers. When people do not acquire good sleep, they usually feel tired easily, and have hard time to concentrate on the study and work. Athletes need to undergo greater body load than common people. The sleep disturbance due to pain may slow the body recovery speed, and further aggravate the pain and accumulate the overuse injury. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the association between the sleep disturbance and the overuse injury. The knee joint bears the main body load in fencing, hence this research select knee joint for evaluation.