Do Anxious Swimmers Swim Slower? Reexamining the Elusive Anxiety-Performance Relationship

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon Burton
Keyword(s):  
Low Complexity ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Moderate Complexity ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to utilize a multidimensional measure of anxiety and a more sensitive intraindividual performance measure to evaluate the relationship between anxiety and performance. Three hypotheses were tested. First, cognitive anxiety is more consistently and strongly related to performance than is somatic anxiety. Second, somatic anxiety demonstrates an inverted-U relationship with performance, whereas self-confidence and performance exhibit a positive linear relationship and cognitive anxiety and performance exhibit a negative one. Finally, short duration and high and low complexity events demonstrate stronger relationships between somatic anxiety and performance than do long duration or moderate complexity events. Two samples of swimmers completed the CSAI-2 prior to competition, and performance data were obtained from meet results. Correlational and multiple regression analyses generally supported Hypotheses 1 and 3, while polynomial trend analyses on standardized CSAI-2 scores confirmed trends predicted in Hypothesis 2. Overall, these results not only revealed that improved instrumentation allows demonstration of consistent anxiety-performance relationships, but they also provided additional construct validity for the CSAI-2.

The Relationship between the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynette L. Craft ◽  
T. Michelle Magyar ◽  
Betsy J. Becker ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The multidimensional approach to the study of anxiety (Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990a) considers subcomponents of anxiety, specifically cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Much of the research based on this theory has utilized the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2) (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1990b). Findings have been inconsistent, with some research suggesting that the three subcomponents have separate relationships with performance and other studies failing to find any relationship between the anxiety subcomponents and performance. This meta-analysis examined the effect of state anxiety as measured by the CSAI-2 (i.e., cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence) on athletic performance. Studies were coded for characteristics that could potentially moderate the effects of anxiety on performance (i.e., features of design, subjects, sport). Interdependency between the three subscales was examined using multivariate meta-analytic techniques (Becker & Schram, 1994). Relationships among cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, and performance appeared weak. Exploratory modeling showed that self-confidence displayed the strongest and most consistent relationship with performance.

The Interactive Effects of Intensity and Direction of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self-Confidence upon Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Edwards ◽  
Lew Hardy
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Catastrophe Model ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Catastrophe Models

This study examines intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety symptoms, and the interactive influence of anxiety subcomponents upon netball performance. Netball players (N = 45) completed the modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and a retrospective performance measure over a season, utilizing an intraindividual design. The modified CSAI-2 includes a direction scale assessing the facilitative or debilitative interpretation of the original intensity symptoms. Although the facilitative influence of anxiety upon performance did not emerge directly through the direction scale, a significant interaction emerged from the two-factor Cognitive Anxiety × Physiological Arousal quadrant analyses, suggesting that anxiety may enhance performance, as proposed by catastrophe model predictions. Findings also highlighted the importance of self-confidence for possible inclusion in higher order catastrophe models.

Is Self-Confidence a Bias Factor in Higher-Order Catastrophe Models? An Exploratory Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lew Hardy ◽  
Tim Woodman ◽  
Stephen Carrington
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Catastrophe Model ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Bias Factor ◽  
Median Split ◽  
And Performance

This paper examines Hardy’s (1990, 1996a) proposition that self-confidence might act as the bias factor in a butterfly catastrophe model of stress and performance. Male golfers (N = 8) participated in a golf tournament and reported their cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence prior to their tee shot on each hole. All anxiety, self-confidence, and performance scores were standardized within participants in order to control for individual differences. The data were then collapsed across participants and categorized into a high self-confidence condition and a low self-confidence condition by means of a median split. A series of two-way (Cognitive Anxiety × Somatic Anxiety) ANOVAs was conducted on each self-confidence condition in order to fag where the maximum Cognitive Anxiety × Somatic Anxiety interaction effect size lay along the somatic anxiety axis. These ANOVAs revealed that the maximum interaction effect size between cognitive and somatic anxiety was at a higher level of somatic anxiety for the high self-confidence condition than for the low self-confidence condition, thus supporting the moderating role of self-confidence in a catastrophe model framework.

Antecedents Of, Temporal Changes In, and Relationships between CSAI-2 Subcomponents

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gould ◽  
Linda Petlichkoff ◽  
Robert S. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Multivariate Multiple Regression ◽  
And Performance

Two studies were conducted to examine antecedents of, relationships between, and temporal changes in the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and the self-confidence components of the Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1983) newly developed Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In addition, the prediction that cognitive and somatic anxiety should differentially influence performance was examined. In Study 1, 37 elite intercollegiate wrestlers were administered the CSAI-2 immediately before two different competitions, whereas in Study 2, 63 female high school volleyball players completed the CSAI-2 on five different occasions (1 week, 48 hrs, 24 hrs, 2 hrs, and 20 min) prior to a major tournament. The results were analyzed using multiple regression, multivariate multiple regression, univariate and multivariate analyses of variance, and general linear model trend analysis techniques. The findings supported the scale development work of Martens and his colleagues by verifying that the CSAI-2 assesses three separate components of state anxiety. A number of other important findings also emerged. First, the prediction was confirmed that somatic anxiety increases during the time leading to competition, while cognitive anxiety and confidence remain constant. Second, CSAI-2 subscales were found to have different antecedents, although the precise predictions of Martens and his colleagues were not supported. Third, the prediction that cognitive anxiety would be a more powerful predictor of performance than somatic anxiety was only partially supported. Fourth, the prediction that precompetitive anxiety differences between experienced and inexperienced athletes initially found by Fenz (1975) result from somatic anxiety changes was not supported. It was concluded that the CSAI-2 shows much promise as a multidimensional sport-specific state anxiety inventory, although more research is needed to determine how and why specific antecedent factors influence various CSAI-2 components and to examine the predicted relationships between CSAI-2 components and performance.

scholarly journals Mastery Imagery Ability Is Associated With Positive Anxiety and Performance During Psychological Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Williams ◽  
Mary L. Quinton ◽  
Jet J. C. S. Veldhuijzen van Zanten ◽  
Jack Davies ◽  
Clara Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Imagery Ability ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Stress Task ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Acute Psychological Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Mastery imagery (i.e., images of being in control and coping in difficult situations) is used to regulate anxiety. The ability to image this content is associated with trait confidence and anxiety, but research examining mastery imagery ability's association with confidence and anxiety in response to a stressful event is scant. The present study examined whether trait mastery imagery ability mediated the relationship between confidence and anxiety, and the subsequent associations on performance in response to an acute psychological stress. Participants (N = 130; 55% male; Mage = 19.94 years; SD = 1.07 years) completed assessments of mastery imagery ability and engaged in a standardized acute psychological stress task. Immediately prior to the task, confidence, cognitive and somatic anxiety intensity, and interpretation of anxiety symptoms regarding the task were assessed. Path analyses supported a model whereby mastery imagery ability mediated the relationship between confidence and cognitive and somatic anxiety interpretation. Greater mastery imagery ability and confidence were both directly associated with better performance on the stress task. Mastery imagery ability may help individuals experience more facilitative anxiety and perform better during stressful tasks. Improving mastery imagery ability by enhancing self-confidence may help individuals successfully cope with anxiety elicited during stressful situations.

The Relationship Among Personality, Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, Physiological Arousal, and Performance in Male Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamuran Yerlikaya Balyan ◽  
Serdar Tok ◽  
Arkun Tatar ◽  
Erdal Binboga ◽  
Melih Balyan
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Physiological Arousal ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined the association between personality, competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and physiological arousal in athletes with high and low anxiety levels. Anxiety was manipulated by means of an incentive. Fifty male participants, first, completed the Five Factor Personality Inventory and their resting electro dermal activity (EDA) was recorded. In the second stage, participants were randomly assigned to high or low anxiety groups. Individual EDAs were recorded again to determine precompetition physiological arousal. Participants also completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and played a computer-simulated soccer match. Results showed that neuroticism was related to both CSAI-2 components and physiological arousal only in the group receiving the incentive. Winners had higher levels of cognitive anxiety and lower levels of physiological arousal than losers. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that an athlete’s neurotic personality may influence his cognitive and physiological responses in a competition.

Competitive Anxiety, Situation Criticality and Softball Performance

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikki Krane ◽  
Douglas Joyce ◽  
Jennifer Rafeld
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Catastrophe Theory ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Batting Performance ◽  
Salient Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship among person factors, situational factors, and batting performance was examined during a collegiate softball tournament. Specifically, the purposes of the present study were to examine (a) cognitive and somatic anxiety and performance as related to athletes’ trait anxiety and situation criticality, and (b) the catastrophe theory prediction that somatic anxiety would differentially relate to performance depending upon the level of cognitive anxiety. Standardized performance scores and intraindividual cognitive and somatic anxiety scores were computed for each athlete (N = 11). As hypothesized, high levels of situation criticality were associated with high levels of cognitive anxiety, but somatic anxiety did not differ in the two situations. Both person and situation factors were significant predictors of cognitive and somatic anxiety; however, the more salient factor was dependent upon the measurement of anxiety (raw scores vs. standardized score). Consistent with the catastrophe theory, somatic anxiety had a different relationship with performance in high criticality situations compared to low criticality situations.

The Interactive Effects of Intensity and Direction of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self-Confidence upon Performance

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-312
Author(s):  
Tara Edwards ◽  
Lew Hardy
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Catastrophe Model ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Catastrophe Models

This study examines intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety symptoms, and the interactive influence of anxiety subcomponents upon netball performance. Netball players (N = 45) completed the modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and a retrospective performance measure over a season, utilizing an intraindividual design. The modified CSAI-2 includes a direction scale assessing the facilitative or debilitative interpretation of the original intensity symptoms. Although the facilitative influence of anxiety upon performance did not emerge directly through the direction scale, a significant interaction emerged from the two-factor Cognitive Anxiety × Physiological Arousal quadrant analyses, suggesting that anxiety may enhance performance, as proposed by catastrophe model predictions. Findings also highlighted the importance of self-confidence for possible inclusion in higher order catastrophe models.

scholarly journals How self-reflection and resilience can affect pre-competition anxiety? Evidence from national competitive table tennis in adolescent players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Pearson Correlations

AbstractAlthough previous studies have investigated pre-competition anxiety (PCA), the research examining how to promote the development of self-reflection and resilience in order to regulate PCA is limited. This study has three aims: to examine group differences age, gender, sport level, and exercise duration in (PCA), self-reflection and resilience; to test the relationships between PCA, self-reflection, and resilience; and to determine whether self-reflection and resilience can predict PCA. The included 82 male and 105 female adolescent Chinese table tennis player (ages 12–19). SPSS 25.0 software has used to drive ANOVA, Pearson correlations and regression analysis. The main result was that Pearson correlations demonstrated the strongest relationship between PCA, self-reflection, and resilience. The regression analysis model proved that self-insight predicted cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence; interpersonal assistance and emotional control predicted self-confidence; and emotional control predicted cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. The result of this study were consistent with those of previous studies: there was a significant relationship between PCA, self-reflection and resilience when using the Chinese Adolescent Resilience Scale, and there were some differences in the test of group differences. However, this study uncovered new evidence that interpersonal assistance and emotional control can predict PCA. Further research should focus on cross-cultural differences in the process of cultivating athlete self-reflection and resilience.

scholarly journals Who’s Multiculturally Competent? Everybody and Nobody: A Multimethod Examination

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie M. Wilcox ◽  
Danielle N. Franks ◽  
Terrill O. Taylor ◽  
Christopher P. Monceaux ◽  
Keoshia Harris
Keyword(s):  
Multicultural Competence ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Counselor Trainees ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
N 93 ◽  
The Relationship

This study was a social dominance theory-driven multimethod investigation of multicultural competence. Given the concerns with self-report, we examined the relationship between study variables and both self-report and performance-based multicultural competence. We also tested competing hypotheses regarding the relationship between the multicultural competence measures. We examined two samples: one of counselor trainees ( N = 93), and one of practicing therapists ( N = 107). The overwhelming performance floor effect in the context of self-report ceiling effects was striking and unexpected in its severity. Awareness of privilege was the most consistent predictor, and the only variable related to most multicultural competence measures. Results related to social dominance orientation, just-world beliefs, and empathy differed by sample. A key finding was the failure by a substantial proportion of participants in both samples to even minimally address clients’ sociocultural context. Thus, we focus our discussion on the implications of this result.

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