Dose–Response and Time Course Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive Function

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Brush ◽  
Ryan L. Olson ◽  
Peter J. Ehmann ◽  
Steven Osovsky ◽  
Brandon L. Alderman
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Core Executive ◽  
Improved Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine possible dose–response and time course effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on the core executive functions of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Twenty-eight participants (14 female; Mage = 20.5 ± 2.1 years) completed a control condition and resistance exercise bouts performed at 40%, 70%, and 100% of their individual 10-repetition maximum. An executive function test battery was administered at 15 min and 180 min postexercise to assess immediate and delayed effects of exercise on executive functioning. At 15 min postexercise, high-intensity exercise resulted in less interference and improved reaction time (RT) for the Stroop task, while at 180 min low- and moderate-intensity exercise resulted in improved performance on plus–minus and Simon tasks, respectively. These findings suggest a limited and task-specific influence of acute resistance exercise on executive function in healthy young adults.

scholarly journals Concurrent Performance of Executive Function during Acute Bouts of Exercise in Adults: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1364
Author(s):  
Kefeng Zheng ◽  
Liye Zou ◽  
Gao-Xia Wei ◽  
Tao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Core Executive ◽  
Quality Assessments

The purpose of the study was to systematically review the evidence on the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core executive function (EF) during exercise in adults. Four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) were searched from inception dates to 30 December 2020. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant items related to exercise and executive function. Articles were limited to human studies in adults. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were carried out independently by two researchers. A total of 4899 studies were identified. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Of the 42 reported outcomes in the 22 studies, 13 (31%) of the 42 outcomes showed that core EF performance was enhanced during exercise and 14 (33%) found that core EF performance did not differ from control conditions. Fifteen (36%) found that core EF performance was impaired. Notably, improved EF performances tend to be observed during moderate-intensity exercise, whereas impaired EF performances were more likely to be observed at vigorous-high intensity. The review suggests mixed findings regarding the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core EF. Exercise intensity seems to influence the effects. The underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Exploring the Dose-Response Relationship between Resistance Exercise Intensity and Cognitive Function

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 640-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Kai Chang ◽  
Jennifer L. Etnier
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise

The purpose of this study was to explore the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive performance. Sixty-eight participants were randomly assigned into control, 40%, 70%, or 100% of 10-repetition maximal resistance exercise groups. Participants were tested on Day 1 (baseline) and on Day 2 (measures were taken relative to performance of the treatment). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, self-reported arousal, and affect were assessed on both days. Cognitive performance was assessed on Day 1 and before and following treatment on Day 2. Results from regression analyses indicated that there is a significant linear effect of exercise intensity on information processing speed, and a significant quadratic trend for exercise intensity on executive function. Thus, there is a dose-response relationship between the intensity of resistance exercise and cognitive performance such that high-intensity exercise benefits speed of processing, but moderate intensity exercise is most beneficial for executive function.

Dose-Response Effect of Acute Resistance Exercise on Tower of London in Middle-Aged Adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 866-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Kai Chang ◽  
I-Hua Chu ◽  
Feng-Tzu Chen ◽  
Chun-Chih Wang
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Tower Of London ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Dose Response Effect ◽  
Middle Aged Adults

The present research attempts to evaluate the dose-response relationship between acute resistance exercise and planning. Seventeen participants performed the Tower of London (TOL) in control condition and three different exercise intensity conditions (40%, 70%, and 100% 10-repetition maximal) in a counterbalanced order. The results revealed positive effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on the TOL. Specifically, a curvilinear trend was observed between exercise intensity and TOL scores that measured performances of “correct” and “move,” where moderate intensity demonstrated the most optimal performance compared with the other conditions. None of these differences were found in TOL scores that measure performances of “violation” and “planning speed.” These results suggest that acute moderate intensity resistance exercise could facilitate planning-related executive functions in middle-aged adults.

The Effects of Exercise Serum From Prepubertal Girls and Women on In Vitro Myoblast and Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mezil ◽  
Joyce Obeid ◽  
Inna Ushcatz ◽  
Sandeep Raha ◽  
Brian W. Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Osteoblast Proliferation ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Myotube Formation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation In Vitro ◽  
Prepubertal Girls ◽  
Time Point

Purpose: In girls and women, the authors studied the effects of an acute bout of low-impact, moderate-intensity exercise serum on myoblast and osteoblast proliferation in vitro. Methods: A total of 12 pre/early pubertal girls (8–10 y old) and 12 women (20–30 y old) cycled at 60% VO2max for 1 hour followed by 1-hour recovery. Blood samples were collected at rest, mid-exercise, end of exercise, mid-recovery, and end of recovery. C2C12 myoblasts and MC3T3E1 osteoblasts were incubated with serum from each time point for 1 hour, then monitored for 24 hours (myoblasts) or 36 hours (osteoblasts) to examine proliferation. Cells were also monitored for 6 days (myoblasts) to examine myotube formation and 21 days (osteoblasts) to examine mineralization. Results: Exercise did not affect myoblast or osteoblast proliferation. Girls exhibited lower cell proliferation relative to women at end of exercise (osteoblasts, P = .041; myoblasts, P = .029) and mid-recovery (osteoblasts, P = .010). Mineralization was lower at end of recovery relative to rest (P = .014) in both girls and women. Myotube formation was not affected by exercise or group. Conclusion: The systemic environment following one acute bout of low-impact moderate-intensity exercise in girls and women does not elicit osteoblast or myoblast activity in vitro. Differences in myoblast and osteoblast proliferation between girls and women may be influenced by maturation.

Distinct effects of acute exercise and breaks in sitting on working memory and executive function in older adults: a three-arm, randomised cross-over trial to evaluate the effects of exercise with and without breaks in sitting on cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (13) ◽  
pp. 776-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Wheeler ◽  
Daniel J Green ◽  
Kathryn A Ellis ◽  
Ester Cerin ◽  
Ilkka Heinonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Intermittent Light ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Serum Bdnf

BackgroundSedentary behaviour is associated with impaired cognition, whereas exercise can acutely improve cognition.ObjectiveWe compared the effects of a morning bout of moderate-intensity exercise, with and without subsequent light-intensity walking breaks from sitting, on cognition in older adults.MethodsSedentary overweight/obese older adults with normal cognitive function (n=67, 67±7 years, 31.2±4.1 kg/m2) completed three conditions (6-day washout): SIT (sitting): uninterrupted sitting (8 hours, control); EX+SIT (exercise + sitting): sitting (1 hour), moderate-intensity walking (30 min), uninterrupted sitting (6.5 hours); and EX+BR (exercise + breaks): sitting (1 hour), moderate-intensity walking (30 min), sitting interrupted every 30 min with 3 min of light-intensity walking (6.5 hours). Cognitive testing (Cogstate) was completed at four time points assessing psychomotor function, attention, executive function, visual learning and working memory. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF) was assessed at six time points. The 8-hour net area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for each outcome.ResultsWorking memory net AUC z-score·hour (95% CI) was improved in EX+BR with a z-score of +28 (−26 to +81), relative to SIT, −25 (−79 to +29, p=0.04 vs EX+BR). Executive function net AUC was improved in EX+SIT, −8 (− 71 to +55), relative to SIT, −80 (−142 to −17, p=0.03 vs EX+SIT). Serum BDNF net AUC ng/mL·hour (95% CI) was increased in both EX+SIT, +171 (−449 to +791, p=0.03 vs SIT), and EX+BR, +139 (−481 to +759, p=0.045 vs SIT), relative to SIT, −227 (−851 to +396).ConclusionA morning bout of moderate-intensity exercise improves serum BDNF and working memory or executive function in older adults, depending on whether or not subsequent sitting is also interrupted with intermittent light-intensity walking.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000737639.

scholarly journals The Time Course of Inflammatory Biomarkers Following a One-Hour Exercise Bout in Canines: A Pilot Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Wendy Pearson ◽  
Julia Guazzelli Pezzali ◽  
Renan Antunes Donadelli ◽  
Ashley Wagner ◽  
Preston Buff
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Resolvin D1 ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Hunting Dogs ◽  
Inflammation Resolution

There is little information available to describe the inflammatory consequences of and recovery from moderate-intensity exercise bouts in hunting dogs. The purpose of the current study is to generate pilot data on the appearance and disappearance of biomarkers of inflammation and inflammation resolution following a typical one-hour exercise bout in basset hounds. Four hounds were set out to find a scent and freely adopted running or walking over wooded terrain for approximately one hour. Venous blood samples were obtained before the exercise and at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 h following cessation of exercise and were analyzed for biomarkers of inflammation (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), and inflammation resolution (resolvin D1 (RvD1)). There was an increase in inflammation one hour after the exercise, shown by a significant increase in PGE2. Following this peak, PGE2 steadily declined at the same time as RvD1 increased, with RvD1 peaking at six hours. This pilot study provides evidence that dogs that undergo an hour of hunt exercise experience transient inflammation that peaks one hour after the end of exercise; inflammation resolution peaks six hours after the end of exercise. Future studies should seek to further understand the distinct and combined roles of PGE2 and RvD1 in dog adaptation to exercise stress.

Moderate Intensity Exercise Ameliorates Negative Impacts of Simulated Altitude on Executive Function.

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (5S) ◽  
pp. 671-672
Author(s):  
Laura Q. Jimenez ◽  
Brian Arwari ◽  
Arlette C. Perry ◽  
Joseph F. Signorile ◽  
Soyeon Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Simulated Altitude ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Negative Impacts

Characterizing the affective responses to an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise among outpatients with schizophrenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus J. Duncan ◽  
Guy Faulkner ◽  
Gary Remington ◽  
Kelly Arbour-Nicitopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Affective Responses ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout

High-intensity interval training speeds the adjustment of pulmonary O2 uptake, but not muscle deoxygenation, during moderate-intensity exercise transitions initiated from low and elevated baseline metabolic rates

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1550-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Williams ◽  
Donald H. Paterson ◽  
John M. Kowalchuk
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Muscle Deoxygenation ◽  
High Intensity Interval

During step transitions in work rate (WR) within the moderate-intensity (MOD) exercise domain, pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇o2p) kinetics are slowed, and V̇o2p gain (ΔV̇o2p/ΔWR) is greater when exercise is initiated from an elevated metabolic rate. High-intensity interval training (HIT) has been shown to speed V̇o2p kinetics when step transitions to MOD exercise are initiated from light-intensity baseline metabolic rates. The effects of HIT on step transitions initiated from elevated metabolic rates have not been established. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of HIT on V̇o2p kinetics during transitions from low and elevated metabolic rates, within the MOD domain. Eight young, untrained men completed 12 sessions of HIT (spanning 4 wk). HIT consisted of 8–12 1-min intervals, cycling at a WR corresponding to 110% of pretraining maximal WR (WRmax). Pre-, mid- and posttraining, subjects completed a ramp-incremental test to determine maximum O2 uptake, WRmax, and estimated lactate threshold (θ̂L). Participants additionally completed double-step constant-load tests, consisting of step transitions from 20 W → Δ45% θ̂L [lower step (LS)] and Δ45 → 90% θ̂L [upper step (US)]. HIT led to increases in maximum O2 uptake ( P < 0.05) and WRmax ( P < 0.01), and τV̇o2p of both lower and upper MOD step transitions were reduced by ∼40% (LS: 24 s → 15 s; US: 45 s → 25 s) ( P < 0.01). However, the time course of adjustment of local muscle deoxygenation was unchanged in the LS and US. These results suggest that speeding of V̇o2p kinetics in both the LS and US may be due, in part, to an improved matching of muscle O2 utilization to microvascular O2 delivery within the working muscle following 12 sessions of HIT, although muscle metabolic adaptations cannot be discounted.

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