Media Coverage of the Female Athlete Before, during, and after Title IX: Sports Illustrated Revisited

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Kane
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sports Illustrated ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of Title IX on media coverage given to female athletes to determine if there has been a shift away from negative social stereotypes traditionally associated with women’s sports participation toward a more socially accepting view of the female athlete. A content analysis of feature articles within 1,228 issues of Sports Illustrated was undertaken for the years 1964-1987. These represented three 8-year time spans before (1964-71), during (1972-79), and after (1980-87) Title IX. In order to assess whether attitudes have changed toward female athletes as related to a Title IX timeline, amount and type of coverage were considered. Chi-square analyses revealed mixed results. There was a significant increase in the proportion of coverage given to women in athletic (e.g., professional golfer) versus nonathletic (e.g., swimsuit model) roles. However, feature articles about female athletes gave significantly more coverage to women in "sex-appropriate" sports such as tennis versus "sex-inappropriate" sports such as rugby, regardless of the Title IX time frame. Results are discussed in terms of challenging current beliefs that women’s athletics have gained widespread social acceptance following the enactment of Tide IX. Implications for practitioners and academics within sport management are presented.

The Funhouse Mirror

2012 ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Hardin ◽  
Bu Zhong ◽  
Thomas F. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Title Ix ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Federally Funded ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Education Amendments Of 1972 ◽  
Sports Commentary ◽  
Masculine Hegemony

Depictions of professional sports and athletes in U.S. mainstream media have generally been indicted for reinforcing masculine hegemony and ignoring women’s and amateur sports. This study explored the attitudes and values of independent sports bloggers in relationship to gender and, more specifically, to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in federally funded institutions. A survey of 200 independent sports bloggers was conducted to determine whether the sports blogosphere provides an alternative to depictions of sports offered through mainstream media coverage. Survey results demonstrate that the sports blogosphere has yet to become a truly alternative, egalitarian space for sports commentary. The analysis suggests that increased participation of female bloggers who are willing to cover female athletes and advocate for women’s sports can alleviate the situation. Otherwise, the sports blogosphere will merely replicate old-media values.

The Shrinking Presence of Black Female Student-Athletes at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felecia Theune
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Black Colleges ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Historically Black Colleges ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Black Colleges And Universities

Despite the tremendous growth in female sports participation opportunities under Title IX, black females have not benefited to the same degree as their white female counterparts. While gender complaints about female athletes still lagging behind males in participatory opportunities, scholarships, facilities and equipment are being discussed, larger structural inequities associated with being black and female remain absent from the Title IX conversation, demonstrating the dual invisibility of black females. Not only is this true at predominantly white institutions, it’s also true at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), academic institutions which have been sources of educational and athletic opportunities for black females long before the passage of Title IX prohibited sex discrimination in any federally funded educational programs and activities.Malgré l’importante croissance d’opportunités de participation en sport féminin grâce à Title IX, les femmes noires n’ont pas bénéficié autant que les femmes blanches. Alors que les plaintes au sujet des femmes athlètes étaient encore à la traîne des hommes en ce qui concerne les opportunités de participation, les bourses, les installations et l’équipement font l’objet de discussions, les plus grandes injustices structurales associées au fait d’être noire et d’être une femme demeurent absentes de la conversation au sujet de Title IX, démontrant la double invisibilité des femmes noires. Non seulement estce vrai dans les établissements à prédominance blanche, cela est également vrai dans les collèges et universités historiquement noirs, des établissements scolaires qui ont été des sources d’opportunités éducationnelles et athlétiques bien avant que Title IX ne vienne interdire la discrimination en fonction du sexe dans tous les programmes et activités éducationnels financés par le gouvernement fédéral.

scholarly journals The “Family 500+” programme versus the economic activity of women in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-68
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Krajewski ◽  
◽  
Tomasz Zalega ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
The Impact

The “Family 500+” programme was introduced by the Act on State Aid for Child Support. It differs from many other public programmes in that it has deeply penetrated the general awareness of Poles, which may result from the amount of the benefit, its simplicity, media coverage and the feeling that this policy directly affects people’s lives. There are comments about the impact of the programme on the condition of the labour market. It is believed that to some extent it discourages some women from taking up work, thereby potentially causing their economic activity to decline and unemployment to increase over the longer time frame. Undoubtedly, “Family 500+” is already a very large challenge for the state budget. It is highly probable that the huge funding needed to cover benefits will grow each year, constituting an important government transfer. The goal of the paper is to depict the relationship between “Family 500+” and the economic activity of women in Poland. This study is a research exercise. Quantitative methods were used, including: logistic regression modelling and Holt forecasting. The analysis suggests the conclusion that “Family 500+” has contributed to the reduction of extreme poverty in households with children but also has affected the economic activity of women in Poland, in particular younger ones, aged 25–34 years, who have low educational attainments and live in poorer voivodships. The analysis of micro data from the Human Capital Balance study has clearly confirmed that “Family 500+” negatively affects the likelihood of being economically active, which holds true not only for women at a certain age or of a certain background, but for all those surveyed.

scholarly journals “The Legacy Element . . . It Just Felt More Woolly”: Exploring the Reasons for the Decline in People With Disabilities’ Sport Participation in England 5 Years After the London 2012 Paralympic Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brown ◽  
Athanasios (Sakis) Pappous
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Disability Sport ◽  
London 2012 ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paralympic Games

This article explores why sports participation of people with disabilities in England has declined since the London 2012 Paralympic Games (LPG). Thirty semistructured interviews were conducted with staff employed in a variety of sports and disability-specific organizations. Our preliminary findings suggest that the decline is a result of a complex interplay between multiple factors. A competency gap and a lack of relevance between Paralympians and the rest of the community of people with disabilities might have limited the impact of the legacy. In addition, an absence of coordinated leveraging of the LPG, and a decline in the media coverage of disability sport in the aftermath of the LPG, might also have dulled the legacy. Finally, our data show that austerity and negative media coverage of people with disabilities deterred some people from participating in sport.

Photographic Images in Sports Illustrated for Kids: An Analysis of Sport Coverage and Gender Representation

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Suzannah M. Armentrout ◽  
Cindra Kamphoff ◽  
Jeffrey Thomae
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sports Illustrated ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Individual Sports

In this study we examined sport coverage and gender representation in photographic images in Sports Illustrated for Kids over a 3-year period. A content analysis of 4205 photographic images was conducted and data were analyzed using a chi-square analysis. Our research revealed that females were substantially underrepresented within the magazine (12%) and only appeared on the cover once over a 3-year period (<1%). The top three sports represented for men in SI for Kids were baseball, basketball, and football, whereas the top 3 “sports” for women were basketball, not in a sport (e.g., a fan), and soccer. Females were more likely than males to be represented in photographic images off the court, in individual sports, in feminine sports, in a posed position, as nonathletes, in tighter clothing, sleeveless shirts, with more of their legs showing, and with their midriff visible. When considering these findings in light of social learning theory, it is likely that media coverage within SI for Kids plays an important role in determining which sports are acceptable or unacceptable for boys and girls.

Women Are a Problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie B. Lane
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletics ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
The Law

Media coverage of Title IX over the past several decades has both praised the law and the achievements of female athletes who have benefited from it and highlighted claims that men’s college sports have been the unanticipated victims of the effort to increase opportunities for women. This study sought to understand how coverage of the debate in 1974–1975 over the Title IX regulations helped shape discourse about the law with regard to intercollegiate athletics. Through a combination of archival research and qualitative media analysis, I identified arguments made by Title IX critics and advocates and analyzed coverage of the debate in the New York Times and the Washington Post, paying particular attention to the presence or absence of what Dunja Antunovic called conflict and celebratory narratives. I found that conflict narratives that reflected concerns of Title IX critics overwhelmed celebratory narratives as well as anticommercialism narratives that I also detected. I concluded that these newspapers allowed critics, led by the National Collegiate Athletic Association, to shape the discourse about the meaning of Title IX and its consequences, thereby reinforcing male dominance of the American sport culture and missing an opportunity to question the commercialization of intercollegiate athletics.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD DENGAN PERUBAHAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI DI PPLP PROVINSI MALUKU

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Marsiline Pieter
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
The Relationship

Menstruation is derived from uterine bleeding as a sign that the tool implies fulfill its function, which happens every month regularly on a grown woman whois healthy and not pregnant. Female athlete triad is a combination of three interrelated conditions that are deviant behavior of food, menstrual disorder and osteoporosis. Purpose; to determine the relationship of the female athlete triad with menstrual cycle changes in PPLP Maluku Province. This research using cross sectional approach. The sampling technique  is total sampling. Samples in this study were female athlete PPLP Maluku Province totaling 38 people. Data collection technique such as statistical test questioner using Chi-square with signification level (<0.05). The results showed that the relationship amenorrhea with menstrual cycle changes with the value of P = 0,001. Relations irregularities eating behavior with changes in the menstrual cycle with P= 0,010. Osteoporosis relations with changes in the menstrual cycle with P= 0,477 where (p <0.05). Conclusion; relationship amenorrhea, behavioral deviations eating menstrual cycle changes in PPLP Maluku Province. It is expected that youth advice agencies and olahraga, can give attention to the development and health of the athletes and the coaches to organize and  prepare training schedule female athletes and improve insight not only improve performance in the championship but in knowledge about reproductive health.

Sports Supplements and Female Athletes: Reality, Risks and Recommendations

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Mike A. Perko ◽  
Ronald D. Williams ◽  
Marion W. Evans
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Sports Supplements

Sports supplements use is reality in the 21st century and the global sports world is enmeshed daily in media coverage and debate. Traditionally much of the focus has been on male athletes but the tide is shifting toward the rapidly evolving culture of the female athlete. Little is known about the use rates, reasons, and effects of sports performance supplements among females. This article examines female athletes and sports supplements with emphasis on historical influence, realities for the female athlete, risks involved in performance enhancement, and future recommendations.

scholarly journals Content Analysis of Female Athlete Endorsers in UK Sports Magazine Advertisements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mogaji
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
The Media ◽  
Insight Into

<p>Despite an increased level of females’ participation in sports, the media coverage is still very low and inadvertently the use of female athletes as product endorsers has received limited attention. The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical insight into the frequency and nature of portrayals of female athlete endorsers in UK Sports Magazine by replicating Grau et al (2007)’s earlier study carried out in USA over ten years ago. Results of the content analysis indicate that females are seldomly featured as brand endorsers, female in team sports and from black ethnic minority group are less likely to be featured as brand endorsers. The study offers theoretical knowledge and practical implication for managers to ensure female athletes are well positioned and given the opportunity to be commercially viable.</p>

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