Kinesiology and Mental Health: The Promise of Exercise Neuroscience Research for Diseases and Disorders of the Brain

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-58
Author(s):  
Bradley D. Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Impact

The relevance of kinesiology to the major issues of public health facing the nation is increasing with time. Of great importance is the area of exercise neuroscience in which remarkable developments have occurred in the past 35 years. The primary investigative efforts to date have been devoted to the impact of exercise on normal brain aging and recent efforts have also focused on the neurocognitive benefit to brain development in children. However, little work has been conducted in those with neurological disorders. The literature includes a number of animal studies that offer biological plausibility for the positive influence of exercise observed on brain structure and cognition in normal human subjects and, collectively, these studies provide a foundation on which to examine the role of exercise treatment in some of the major brain disorders that afflict adults and children today. These include the dementias, stroke, traumatic brain disorder (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attentional deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A role for exercise in building resilience to such disorders is discussed here that may assist in reducing the financial and emotional burden of these affictions.

scholarly journals Nutritional programming of gastrointestinal tract development. Is the pig a good model for man?

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Guilloteau ◽  
Romuald Zabielski ◽  
Harald M. Hammon ◽  
Cornelia C. Metges
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nutritional Programming ◽  
The Impact

The consequences of early-life nutritional programming in man and other mammalian species have been studied chiefly at the metabolic level. Very few studies, if any, have been performed in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as the target organ, but extensive GIT studies are needed since the GIT plays a key role in nutrient supply and has an impact on functions of the entire organism. The possible deleterious effects of nutritional programming at the metabolic level were discovered following epidemiological studies in human subjects, and confirmed in animal models. Investigating the impact of programming on GIT structure and function would need appropriate animal models due to ethical restrictions in the use of human subjects. The aim of the present review is to discuss the use of pigs as an animal model as a compromise between ethically acceptable animal studies and the requirement of data which can be interpolated to the human situation. In nutritional programming studies, rodents are the most frequently used model for man, but GIT development and digestive function in rodents are considerably different from those in man. In that aspect, the pig GIT is much closer to the human than that of rodents. The swine species is closely comparable with man in many nutritional and digestive aspects, and thus provides ample opportunity to be used in investigations on the consequences of nutritional programming for the GIT. In particular, the ‘sow–piglets’ dyad could be a useful tool to simulate the ‘human mother–infant’ dyad in studies which examine short-, middle- and long-term effects and is suggested as the reference model.

The application of Ussing chambers for determining the impact of microbes and probiotics on intestinal ion transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin W. Lomasney ◽  
Niall P. Hyland
Keyword(s):  
Ion Transport ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intestinal Ion Transport

Host–microbe interactions have gained considerable attention in recent years with regards to their role in various organic disorders and diseases. In particular, research efforts have focused on the intestinal microbiota, where the largest and most diverse populations not only co-exist with the host, but also directly influence the state and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Moreover, both human and animal studies alike are now beginning to show a positive influence of probiotic bacteria on GI disorders associated with diarrhoea or constipation. Diarrheagenic GI diseases, such as those caused by Vibreo cholera or enterpathogenic Eschericia coli, have well-characterised interactions with the host that explain much of the observed symptoms, in particular severe diarrhoea. However, the mechanisms of action of nonpathogenic bacteria or probiotics on host physiology are less clearly understood. In the context of defining the mechanisms of action of probiotics in vitro, the Ussing chamber has proven to be a particularly useful tool. Here, we will present data from several studies that have defined molecular targets for microbes and putative probiotics in the regulation of intestinal secretory and absorptive function, and we will discuss these in the context of their application in pathogen- or inflammation-induced alterations in intestinal ion transport.

scholarly journals Peanut sensitisation and allergy: influence of early life exposure to peanuts

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 1278-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Thompson ◽  
Lisa M. Miles ◽  
Joanne Lunn ◽  
Graham Devereux ◽  
Rebecca J. Dearman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the influence of early life exposure (maternal and childhood) to peanuts and the subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts during childhood. Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Studies that assessed the impact of non-avoidance compared with avoidance or reduced quantities of peanuts or peanut products on either sensitisation or allergy to peanuts, or both outcomes, were eligible. Six human studies were identified: two randomised controlled trials, two case–control studies and two cross-sectional studies. In addition, published animal and mechanistic studies, relevant to the question of whether early life exposure to peanuts affects the subsequent development of peanut sensitisation, were reviewed narratively. Overall, the evidence reviewed was heterogeneous, and was limited in quality, for example, through lack of adjustment for potentially confounding factors. The nature of the evidence has therefore hindered the development of definitive conclusions. The systematic review of human studies and narrative expert-led reviews of animal studies do not provide clear evidence to suggest that either maternal exposure, or early or delayed introduction of peanuts in the diets of children, has an impact upon subsequent development of sensitisation or allergy to peanuts. Results from some animal studies (and limited evidence from human subjects) suggest that the dose of peanuts is an important mediator of peanut sensitisation and tolerance; low doses tend to lead to sensitisation and higher doses tend to lead to tolerance.

scholarly journals PENGALAMAN ADAPTASI REMAJA PASCA BENCANA GEMPA DI LOMBOK NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Nova Anika ◽  
Ah Yusuf ◽  
Rr Dian Tristiana
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Earthquake Disaster ◽  
Psychological Property ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Pendahuluan: Kejadian bencana dapat menimbulkan kerugian baik dari aspek fisik, psikologis, properti dan lingkungan. Bencana mempengaruhi kesejahteraan psikologis dan kesehatan mental individu, baik orang dewasa maupun anak-anak dan remaja. Diperlukan proses adaptasi pasca bencana untuk mencapai respon yang adaptif bagi remaja sehingga stress pasca trauma tidak menjadi patologis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman adaptasi remaja pasca bencana gempa di Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat tahun 2018.Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif fenomenologi dengan teknik wawancara mendalam kepada 18 orang remaja terdampak bencana gempa di Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat,  Analisis data yang digunakan mengacu pada sembilan langkah teknik analisis data collaizi.Hasil: hasil dari penelitian ini diperoleh 11 tema: 1) Perubahan cara bersosialisasi, 2) Perubahan peran, 3) Menggali kemampuan lain 4) Respon terhadap gempa, 5) Upaya mengatasi dampak bencana, 6) Sumber Dukungan, 7) Jenis Dukungan, 8) Makna kejadian bencana, 9) Harapan untuk Lombok, 10) Harapan pada diri sendiri, 11) Harapan pada pihak berwenang.Kesimpulan: Upaya menghadapi dampak gempa atau Strategi koping yang digunakan remaja berupa perubahan spiritual dan distraksi. Mendekatkan diri kepada tuhan dengan melakukan berbagai bentuk ibadah sesuai dengan agama yang di anut memiliki peranan penting untuk dapat beradaptasi dengan dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh bencana gempa pada remaja. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Disaster events can cause harm from physical, psychological, property and environmental aspects. Disasters affect the psychological well-being and mental health of individuals, both adults and children and adolescents. Post-disaster adaptation process is needed to achieve an adaptive response for adolescents so that post-traumatic stress does not become pathological. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of adolescent adaptation after the earthquake disaster in Lombok West Nusa Tenggara in 2018.Method: This study used phenomenological qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews with 18 adolescents affected by the earthquake disaster, Analysis of data used refers to nine steps colaizzi data analysis techniques.Results: the results of this study obtained 11 themes: 1) changes in how to socialize, 2) changes in roles, 3) Exploring other abilities 4) Response to earthquakes, 5) Efforts to overcome the impact of disasters, 6) Sources of Support, 7) Types of Support, 8) Meanings of disasters, 9) Expectations for Lombok, 10) Expectations for oneself, 11) Expectations for authorities.Conclusion: Efforts to deal with the effects of earthquakes or coping strategies used by adolescents in the form of spiritual changes and distractions. Get closer to God by doing various forms of worship in accordance with the religion that is followed has an important role to be able to adapt to the impact caused by the earthquake disaster in adolescents.

scholarly journals A Review on the Role of AFAP1-AS1 in the Pathoetiology of Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽  
Tayybeh Khoshbakht ◽  
Bashdar Mahmud Hussen ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Majid Mokhtari
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Reduce Tumor Volume ◽  
Xenograft Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

AFAP1-AS1 is a long non-coding RNA which partakes in the pathoetiology of several cancers. The sense protein coding gene from this locus partakes in the regulation of cytophagy, cell motility, invasive characteristics of cells and metastatic ability. In addition to acting in concert with AFAP1, AFAP1-AS1 can sequester a number of cancer-related miRNAs, thus affecting activity of signaling pathways involved in cancer progression. Most of animal studies have confirmed that AFAP1-AS1 silencing can reduce tumor volume and invasive behavior of tumor cells in the xenograft models. Moreover, statistical analyses in the human subjects have shown strong correlation between expression levels of this lncRNA and clinical outcomes. In the present work, we review the impact of AFAP1-AS1 in the carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals (A136) Eldery in Emergency

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s38-s39
Author(s):  
M.C. Saenz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mutual Help ◽  
Character Disorder ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Elderly in emergency -PresentationPsychosocial support is essential to prevent mental health disorders in the elders subjected to trauma in emergencies that induces to isolation as well as risks or vulnerability for them and their environment. Financial crisis, natural disasters, attacks, poverty, violence and loneliness in the social environment turn threatening for them. Reality becomes hard and produces disorganization in mental health.ObjectivesElder people who have gone through one or more of the following situations are the ones who are prone to develop intense or immediate character disorder. With strategies that increase the existing psychosocial protection factors stress at different intervention levels is lowered. Those who have gone through one or more violent experiences are the ones who are prone to develop intense or immediate character disorder. Cultural transferring (between adults and between adults and children) and mutual help between adults and children is held.MethodologyCognitive processing factors associated to each individual's anxiety: stress, depression, loneliness, panic attacks etc. Some techniques have been developed to understand emotions and learn how to manage them: songs, classic tales, puppets, advertisements and anagrams, Kessen cards, etc. All the material and the results were evaluated with clinic tests and professional help.ConclusionAdditionally, a good cultural understanding of the situation and the adult's feelings are needed in order to provide assistance. The one providing help as well as the one receiving bio-psychosocial help are both part of the link created to overcome the impact of violence, committed to build bridges in the adversity. To prevent post-traumatic stress they are trained in facing disturbing anxiety when facing catastrophes produced by nature or men.

scholarly journals New Brain Aging Center

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
Feng Lin ◽  
Yeates Conwell ◽  
Janine Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Impact Risk ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Funding Opportunities

Abstract Evidence indicates an association between emotional well-being (EWB) and underlying brain processes, and that those processes change with both normal and pathological brain aging. However, the nature of these associations, the mechanisms by which EWB and its component domains change with brain aging, and how those changes may be associated with common neuropathologies like Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), are largely unexplored. The NIA-funded Network for Emotional Well-being and Brain Aging (NEW Brain Aging) has the goal of developing a nationwide community of investigators dedicated to research that identifies and tests mechanisms by which brain aging influences EWB and how EWB may impact risk for and progression of ADRD. Synthesizing human and animal literature, our premise is that relationships between EWB and ADRD are bidirectional – normal and pathological changes in aging brain influence EWB and EWB contributes to brain health and illness, such as ADRD. NEW Brain Aging will identify and coalesce resources for interested investigators and provide pilot funding opportunities to stimulate research and development of the field. Component presentations of this symposium will include (1) an overview by Dr. Robert Kaplan of the current state of research on EWB; (2) the role of animal studies (Kuan Hong Wang) and (3) human subjects research (Feng Vankee Lin) in EWB and aging; and (4) design of NEW Brain Aging and resources it will provide (Yeates Conwell). Janine Simmons will explain NIA’s vision for EWB research and lead open discussion.

’Animal Studies‘, Disziplinarität und die (Post-)Humanities

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cary Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Subjects

Der Text von Cary Wolfe ist eine gekürzte Übersetzung des Kapitels »Animal Studies«, Disciplinarity, and the (Post)Humanities aus der Monographie What is Posthumanism? (Minnesota 2009). Wolfe diskutiert die Beziehung zwischen (Trans-)Disziplinarität und Posthumanismus im Rückgriff auf Konzepte von Derrida, Foucault und Luhmann, die eine Form von gesellschaftlicher Kommunikation zu denken erlauben, an der menschliche Subjekte zwar noch teilhaben, aber deren souveräne Urheber sie nicht mehr sind </br></br>The paper by Cary Wolfe is an abridged translation of the chapter »Animal Studies«, Disciplinarity, and the (Post)Humanities from the monograph (Minnesota 2009). Wolfe discusses the relation between (trans-)disciplinarity and posthumanism with reference to concepts by Derrida, Foucault and Luhmann, allowing to consider a form of social communication in which human subjects still may participate, but no longer are their sovereign initiators.

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