Longitudinal BMI percentile curves by maturity status of Japanese children

Abstract The objective of the research was to prepare longitudinal percentile curves for the BMI (kg/m2) relative to time before and after peak height velocity (PHV) in Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991. Stature and weight were measured in every April from 6.5 to 16.5 years for 283 boys and 480 girls. Age at PHV was estimated by the proportional allotment method. The 50th percentile curves for the BMI of Japanese boys and girls born between 1989 and 1991 were similar to the corresponding curves for Japanese boys and girls born between 1972 and 1974. However, the 97th percentiles of children born between 1989 and 1991 were higher and the corresponding 3rd percentiles were lower compared to children born between 1972 and 1974. The differences can be attributed to the influence of early maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 97th percentiles and of late maturing children born between 1989 and 1991 on the 3rd percentiles. The results highlight the need to consider the timing of maturity, in this case, age at PHV, when interpreting the BMI of adolescents.

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Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254659 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254659

Author(s):

Robert M. Malina ◽

Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽

Diogo V. Martinho ◽

Paulo Sousa-e-Siva ◽

Antonio J. Figueiredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peak Height ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Leg Length ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Sitting Height ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Central Portugal ◽

Offset Time ◽

Age Range

The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.

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Puberty timing and adiposity change across childhood and adolescence: disentangling cause and consequence

10.1101/578005 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Linda M O’Keeffe ◽

Monika Frysz ◽

Joshua A. Bell ◽

Laura D. Howe ◽

Abigail Fraser

Keyword(s):

Fat Mass ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

Puberty Onset

AbstractObjectiveTo better understand if earlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingPopulation based study of children born in 1991/1992 in Bristol UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)).Participants4,186 participants (2,176 female and 1,990 male) of predominantly White ethnicity with 18,232 repeated measures throughout follow-up.Exposures & outcomesRepeated measures of height from 5y to 20y to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity) and repeated measures of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived fat mass from age 9y to 18y, modelled separately in females and males using models based on chronological age and time before and after puberty onset.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7y (standard deviation (SD)=0.8y) for females and 13.6y (SD=0.9y) for males. In adjusted models of fat mass by chronological age, a one-year later age at peak height velocity was associated with 20.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.5% to 22.3%) and 22.8% (95% (CI): 20.7% to 24.8%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively at 9y. These differences were smaller at age 18y: 7.8% (95% (CI):5.9% to 9.6%) and 11.9% (95% (CI): 9.1%, to 14.7%) lower fat mass in females and males respectively per year later age at peak height velocity. Trajectories of fat mass by time before and after puberty onset provided strong evidence for an association of pre-pubertal fat mass with puberty timing, and little evidence of an association of puberty timing with post-pubertal changes in fat mass in females. In males, findings were less clear before puberty though there was some evidence for an association of earlier puberty timing with great post-pubertal gain in fat mass.ConclusionsEarlier puberty is more likely a result of adiposity gain in childhood than a cause of adiposity gain in adulthood in females. In males early to puberty, differences in fat mass after puberty are driven partially by tracking of adiposity from early childhood but also greater gains in post-pubertal adiposity. Reducing levels of childhood adiposity may help prevent both earlier puberty, later life adiposity and their associated adverse social, mental and physical health sequelae.

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Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Hamstring Strength Improvements in Youth Male Soccer Players After the Nordic Hamstring Exercise

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0184 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 990-996

Author(s):

Benjamin Drury ◽

Thomas Green ◽

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽

Jason Moran

Keyword(s):

Training Program ◽

Peak Height ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Control Groups ◽

Male Youth ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Before And After ◽

And Control

Purpose: This study examined the effects of a 6-week Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) program in youth male soccer players of less mature (pre–peak height velocity [PHV]) or more mature (mid/post-PHV) status. Methods: Forty-eight participants were separated into pre-PHV (11.0 [0.9] y) or mid/post-PHV (13.9 [1.1]) groups and further divided into experimental (EXP) and control groups with eccentric hamstring strength assessed (NordBord) both before and after the training program. Participants in the EXP groups completed a periodized NHE program performed once or twice weekly over a 6-week period. Results: The NHE program resulted in moderate and small increases in relative eccentric hamstring strength (in newtons per kilogram) in the pre-PHV EXP (d = 0.83 [0.03–1.68]) and mid-PHV EXP (d = 0.53 [−0.06 to 1.12]) groups, respectively. Moderate increases in the same measure were also seen in the between-groups analyses in the pre-PHV (d = 1.03 [0.23–1.84]) and mid-PHV (d = 0.87 [0.22–1.51]) groups, with a greater effect observed in the former. Conclusion: The results from this study demonstrate that a 6-week NHE program can improve eccentric hamstring strength in male youth soccer players, with less-mature players achieving mostly greater benefits. The findings from this study can aid in the training prescription of NHE in youth male soccer players.

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Puberty timing and sex-specific trajectories of systolic blood pressure: a prospective cohort study

10.1101/2021.01.14.21249799 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kate N O’Neill ◽

Joshua A Bell ◽

George Davey Smith ◽

Kate Tilling ◽

Patricia M Kearney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackgroundSex differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) emerge during adolescence but the role of puberty is not well understood. We examined sex-specific changes in SBP preceding and following puberty and examined the impact of puberty timing on SBP trajectories in females and males.MethodsTrajectories of SBP before and after puberty and by timing of puberty in females and males in a contemporary English birth cohort study were analysed. Repeated measures of height from age 5 to 20 years were used to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity). SBP was measured on ten occasions from 3 to 24 years (N participants=4,062, repeated SBP measures=29,172). Analyses were preformed using linear spline multilevel models based on time before and after puberty and were adjusted for parental factors and early childhood factors including BMI gain from age one up to 9 years.ResultsMean age at peak height velocity was 11.7 years (standard deviation (SD) =0.8) for females and 13.6 years (SD=0.9) for males. In adjusted models, females and males had similar SBP at age 3. Males had faster rates of increase in SBP before puberty leading to 10.19mmHg (95% CI: 6.80, 13.57) higher mean SBP at puberty which remained similar at 24 years [mean difference; 11.43mmHg (95% CI: 7.22, 15.63)]. Puberty timing was associated with small transient differences in SBP trajectories post-puberty in both sexes and small differences at 24 years in females only.ConclusionA large proportion of the higher SBP observed in males compared to females in early adulthood is accrued before puberty. Prevention of high SBP in adult males may therefore benefit from a life course approach starting from before puberty. Interventions targeting puberty timing are unlikely to greatly influence SBP in females and males in early adulthood.

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The Effect of Plyometric Training Volume on Athletic Performance in Prepubertal Male Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0372 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1205-1211 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Helmi Chaabene ◽

Yassine Negra

Keyword(s):

Athletic Performance ◽

High Volume ◽

Training Group ◽

Peak Height ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

Long Jump

Purpose:To assess and compare the effects of 8 wk of in-season (2 sessions/wk) low- and high-volume plyometric training (PT) on measures of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Methods:A total of 25 soccer players were randomly assigned to a low-volume PT group (LPT; n = 13, age 12.68 ± 0.23 y, age at peak height velocity [APHV] 14.25 ± 0.29 y, maturity offset –1.57 ± 0.29 y) or a high-volume PT group (HPT; n = 12, age 12.72 ± 0.27 y, APHV 14.33 ± 0.77 y, maturity offset –1.61 ± 0.76 y). A linear-sprint test (5-m, 10-m, 20-m, and 30-m), change-of-direction (CoD) test, and vertical- (squat-jump [SJ]), countermovement- (CMJ), and horizontal-jump (standing long jump [SLJ]) test were carried out before and after 8 wk of PT. Results:There was a significant main effect of time for sprint outcomes (5-m, P = .005, ES = 0.86; 10-m, P = .006, ES = 0.85; 20-m, P = .03, ES = 0.64, and 30-m, P = .05, ES = 0.57), CoD (P = .002, ES = 0.96), SJ (P = .008, ES = 0.81; CMJ, P = .01, ES = 0.73), and SLJ ability (P = .007, ES = 0.83). There were no significant training group × time interactions in any measured outcomes. Conclusions:After 8 wk of training, results showed similar performance improvement on measures of sprint time, CoD, and jumping ability between LPT and HPT groups. From a time-efficiency perspective, it is recommended to use LPT in prepubertal male soccer players to improve their proxies of athletic performance.

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Young soccer players with higher somatic maturation are stronger, more powerful and faster than those with lower maturation

Journal of Physical Education ◽

10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3258 ◽

1989 ◽

Author(s):

Mauricio Teixeira ◽

◽

Alexandre Igor Araripe Medeiros ◽

Mário Antônio de Moura Simim ◽

Cláudio de Oliveira Assumpção

Keyword(s):

Body Height ◽

Anaerobic Power ◽

Peak Height ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Before And After ◽

Maturation Stages ◽

Physical Capacities

The identification of young soccer players’ maturation level throughout puberty is crucial to verify the influence of aspects that interfere on sport performance, such as body height and physical capacities. The aim of the present study was to verify the differences in physical performance of young soccer players in maturation stages before and after peak height velocity. This study comprised 49 soccer players (14.49 ± 1.00 yrs) belonging to the youth teams of a club in the city of Fortaleza. Body weight, height and trunk-cephalic height were measured. Somatic maturation was estimated using distance in years from peak height velocity (DPHV). 10 Meters Sprint and 20 Meter Flying Sprint, Modified Illinois, Jump Height (CMJ), RAST and Yo Yo IRT 1 tests were applied. Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and Confidence Intervals (CI = 90%) were used to compare the study variables (PRE-PHV vs POST-PHV). Our findings showed that POST-PHV group showed higher values in CMJ (3/3/97, Very likely) and RAST (peak, average, minimum power) and lower in the 20 Meter Flying Sprint (100/0/0, Most Likely) when compared to the PRE-PHV group. We concluded that young soccer players with somatic maturation after peak height velocity presented better capacity of lower limb strength, anaerobic power and speed.

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Physical Activity–Related Injury Profile in Children and Adolescents According to Their Age, Maturation, and Level of Sports Participation

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738116686964 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 118-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lara Costa e Silva ◽

Maria Isabel Fragoso ◽

Júlia Teles

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Sports Participation ◽

Bone Age ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Biological Maturation ◽

Early Maturing

Background: Physical activity (PA) is beneficial, enhancing healthy development. However, one-third of school-age children practicing sports regularly suffer from an injury. These injuries are associated with sex, chronological age, and PA level. Purpose: To identify the importance of age, PA level, and maturity as predictors of injury in Portuguese youth. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Information about injury and PA level was assessed via 2 questionnaires (LESADO RAPIL II) from 647 subjects aged 10 to 17 years. Maturity offset according to Mirwald (time before or after peak height velocity) and Tanner-Whitehouse III bone age estimates were used to evaluate maturation. Binary logistic regression and gamma regression were used to determine significant predictors of injury and injury rate. Results: Injury occurrence was higher for both sexes in recreational, school, and federated athletes (athletes engaged in sports that are regulated by their respective federations, with formal competition). These injuries also increased with age in boys and in the higher maturity offset group in girls. Injury rate was higher for both sexes in the no sports participation group. Early-maturing girls, with higher bone age and lower maturity offset, showed higher injury rate. Conclusion: Injuries in Portuguese youth were related to PA level, age, and biological maturation. Recreational, school, and federated athletes had more injury ocurrences while subjects with no sports participation had higher injury risk. Older subjects had more injuries. Early-maturing girls that had just passed peak height velocity may be particularly vulnerable to risk of sports injury because of the growing process. Clinical Relevance: Increased knowledge about injury with specific PA exposure data is important to an overall risk management strategy. This study has deepened the association between injury and biological maturation variables.

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Growth, Maturation, and Exercise

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2015-0026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 3-7

Author(s):

Jaak Jürimäe

Keyword(s):

Peak Height ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Leg Length ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

Male Youth ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Sitting Height ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Mean Differences

This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) in 193 Polish boys followed longitudinally 8-18 years (1961-1972). Actual APHV was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted APHV was estimated at each observation using chronological age (CA), stature, mass, sitting height and estimated leg length. Mean predicted APHV increased from 8 to 18 years. Actual APHV was underestimated at younger ages and overestimated at older ages. Mean differences between predicted and actual APHV were reasonably stable between 13 and 15 years. Predicted APHV underestimated actual APHV 3 years before, was almost identical with actual age 2 years before, and then overestimated actual age through 3 years after PHV. Predicted APHV did not differ among boys of contrasting maturity status 8-11 years, but diverged among groups 12-15 years. In conclusion, predicted APHV is influenced by CA and by early and late timing of actual PHV. Predicted APHV has applicability among average maturing boys 12-16 years in contrast to late and early maturing boys. Dependence upon age and individual differences in actual APHV limits utility of predicted APHV in research with male youth athletes and in talent programs.

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Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1320

Author(s):

Humberto Peña-Jorquera ◽

Valentina Campos-Núñez ◽

Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽

Gerson Ferrari ◽

Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Demand ◽

Positive Association ◽

Peak Height ◽

The Body ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity ◽

High Quality ◽

Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity.

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Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2020-0298 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 1589-1595

Author(s):

Mariana del Pino ◽

Virginia Fano ◽

Paula Adamo

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Growth Curve ◽

Growth Velocity ◽

Adult Height ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Peak Height ◽

Height Growth ◽

Individual Growth ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

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