scholarly journals Resting IL-6 and TNF-α Level in Children of Different Weight and Fitness Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Hosick ◽  
Robert G. McMurray ◽  
A.C. Hackney ◽  
Claudio L. Battaglini ◽  
Terry P. Combs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Α Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overweight Subjects

Reports suggest children with high aerobic fitness (VO2max; mL/kg/min) have healthier profiles of TNF-α and IL-6; however, research has not accounted for differences in adiposity between high-fit and low-fit individuals. Thus, this study examined differences in inflammatory markers of obese and normal weight children of different fitness levels, using two different VO2max units: per unit of fat free mass (VO2FFM) or total body mass (VO2kg). Children (n = 124; ages 8–12) were divided into four matched groups; normal weight high-fit (NH), normal weight low-fit (NL), obese high-fit (OH), and obese low-fit (OL). Height, weight, skinfolds, body mass index (BMI), and predicted VO2max were measured and a morning, fasting blood sample taken. IL-6 was elevated in the NL and OL groups compared with the NH group, as well as the OL group compared with the OH group. No differences were found in TNF-α. The relationship between IL-6 or TNF-α and the two units of predicted VO2max did not differ suggesting that either VO2FFM or VO2kg can be used to describe aerobic power when studying inflammation and exercise in youth. The relationship between IL-6 or TNF-α and predicted VO2max, whether expressed per mass or per fat-free mass was similar, suggesting that both can be used to describe aerobic power when studying inflammation and exercise in youth. Given the polar design of this study, this relationship should be confirmed including overweight subjects.

scholarly journals Standardized MET Value Underestimates the Energy Cost of Treadmill Running in Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 890-896
Author(s):  
Helouane Ázara ◽  
Paulo Farinatti ◽  
Adrian Midgley ◽  
Fabrício Vasconcellos ◽  
Patrícia Vigário ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Energy Cost Of Running ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was to compare the reference metabolic equivalent (MET) value and observed resting oxygen uptake (VO2) for defining cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and characterizing the energy cost of treadmill running. A heterogeneous cohort of 114 healthy men volunteered to participate. In Part 1 of the study, 114 men [mean±SD, age: 24±5 years; height: 177.1±7.9 cm; body mass: 75.0±10.0 kg] visited the laboratory twice for assessment of resting and maximal VO2 values to compare the reference MET value vs. observed resting VO2 and to investigate the association between resting VO2 and VO2max. In Part 2, 14 of the 114 men visited the laboratory once more to perform a 30-min bout of running at 8.0 km∙h−1/8.3 METs. The mean observed resting VO2 of 3.26 mL·kg−1·min−1 was lower than the reference MET value of 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1 (P<0.001). Resting and maximal VO2 values relative to total body mass and fat-free mass were positively correlated (R=0.71 and 0.60, respectively; P<0.001). The maximal MET and energy cost of treadmill running were consequently underestimated when calculated using the reference MET value only for those with low VO2max (P=0.005 to P<0.001). In conclusion, the reference MET value considerably overestimated observed resting VO2 in men with low VO2max, resulting in underestimations of the maximal MET, exercise intensity prescription, and the energy cost of running.

One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Marco Pahor ◽  
Frances Tylavsky ◽  
Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

scholarly journals Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Laura D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

Total Body Mass, Fat Mass, Fat-Free Mass, and Skeletal Muscle in Older People: Cross-Sectional Differences in 60-Year-Old Persons

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula G. Kyle ◽  
Laurence Genton ◽  
Didier Hans ◽  
Veronique L. Karsegard ◽  
Jean-Pierre Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Older People ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Between-laboratory comparison of densitometry and bio-electrical impedance measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Deurenberg ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Erica J. M. Velthuis-Te Wierik
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

Body composition was measured in nine healthy, normal-weight, weight-stable subjects in three different research centres. In each centre the usual procedures for the measurements were followed. It revealed that the measurement procedures in the three centres were comparable. Body composition was measured in each centre between 09.00 and 13.00 hours after a light breakfast by densitometry (underwater weighing) and bio-electrical impedance. A single, total-body-water determination by D2O dilution was used as a reference value. Body fat determined by densitometry was significantly lower in one centre, which, however, could be completely explained by a lower body weight, probably due to water loss (the subjects refrained for a longer time from food and drinks before the measurements in that centre) and, thus, by violation of the assumptions of Siri's (1961) formula. Also, body impedance was slightly higher in that centre, indicating a lower amount of body water. Mean body fat from densitometry was also slightly lower in that centre compared with body fat determined by D2O dilution. Individual differences between body fat from densitometry and from total body water were relatively large, up to 7% body fat. The relationship between fat-free mass from densitometry and bio-electrical impedance was not different between the centres. It is concluded that differences in the relationship between body composition and bio-electrical impedance, as reported in the literature, may be due to differences in standardization procedures and/or differences in reference population.

Abstract P261: Associations of Left Ventricular Mass, Total Body Weight, and Fat-Free Mass With Body Mass Index: The Framingham Heart Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philimon N Gona ◽  
Jane J Lee ◽  
Carol J Salton ◽  
Saadia Qazi ◽  
Christopher J O'Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Ventricular Mass ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Total Body

Introduction: Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) predicts excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. LVM is often indexed to height (HT) or body surface area (BSA). HT-indexation ignores weight and thus obesity. The relationship of indexed LVM with weight, obesity, and adiposity is unclear. We investigated the association of LVM with total-body mass (TBM, i.e. weight) and fat-free mass (FFM), hypothesizing that LVM scales better to FFM than TBM. Methods: From the 1794 members of Framingham Offspring cohort who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), we identified 845 (aged 65±9y) without any history of hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or CMR wall-motion abnormality. LVM was measured from cine bSSFP images and indexed to HT, BSA, TBM and FFM (by DEXA). Participants were stratified by sex and body mass index (BMI) category (NL=BMI 18.5 - 24.9; OW=25.0 - 29.9; OB=30.0+ kg/m 2 ). We used sex-specific ANCOVA to test for linear trend across BMI categories, and determined sex-specific Pearson correlation coefficients of LVM with BMI; both sets of analyses were adjusted for age and systolic blood pressure. Data are summarized as mean ± SD. Results: The Table shows that LVM and LVM/HT increase with greater BMI-category in both sexes. LVM/BSA was similar across BMI-categories, while LVM/TBM decreased. There was no linear trend across BMI-categories for LVM/FFM in either sex. On a continuous basis, LVM and LVM/HT were positively correlated with BMI in both sexes (r=0.20 to 0.35, p<0.001 for all); LVM/BSA was weakly inversely correlated with BMI in women only (r=-0.14, p=0.001) but not men (r=-0.08, p=0.18); LVM/TBM was inversely correlated with BMI (M: r=-0.39, W: r=-0.54; p<0.0001 both); LVM/FFM was not correlated with BMI in either sex (M: r=-0.05, p=0.38, W: r=0.08, p=0.055). Conclusion: LVM as a proportion of TBM (weight) actually decreases with greater BMI, while LVM/FFM is not associated with BMI. Whether LVM is better scaled to FFM vs HT, BSA or TBM for risk stratification purposes remains to be determined.

scholarly journals Effects of different circuit training protocols on body mass, fat mass and blood parameters in overweight adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Contrò ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
Jill Cooper ◽  
Alessia Sacco ◽  
Alessandra Macchiarella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circuit Training ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Training Protocols

Benefits of exercise are known for a long time, but mechanisms underlying the exercise mode recommendations for specific chronic cardiovascular diseases remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different circuit training protocols in order to determine which is the best for weight loss and for specific overweight- related disorders. Forty-five female sedentary overweight participants from 20 to 50 years (average 31.8±11.2) were enrolled and assigned to three different groups; each group was compared with a control normal-weight group. Three different circuit protocols were randomly assigned to each overweight group: aerobictone- aerobic (ATA), aerobic-circuit-aerobic (ACA) and mini-trampoline circuit (MTC), while control group performed a classic circuit weight training (CWT). Every group trained three times per week, for 12 weeks. The results show that ATA group reduced body fat and total body mass more than other groups (P&lt;0.001; P=0.007). ACA group reduced total body mass in significant statistical way (P=0.032), as well as body fat (P&lt;0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.013). In MTC group there was a significant reduction in every parameter we analyzed (total body mass, body fat and lipid profile: P&lt;0.001). CWT group has shown a significant loss only in body fat (P&lt;0.001). Every circuit protocol is optimal for reducing body fat and total body mass: however, MTC protocol has shown the best results on lipid profile.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Skeletal Mass and Total Body Mass in Birds

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e0141794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Martin-Silverstone ◽  
Orsolya Vincze ◽  
Ria McCann ◽  
Carl H. W. Jonsson ◽  
Colin Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Skeletal Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

C174T polymorphism in the CNTF receptor gene is associated with fat-free mass in men and women

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 1425-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Roth ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Mechele R. Lee ◽  
Ben F. Hurley ◽  
Robert E. Ferrell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Baltimore Longitudinal Study ◽  
Exon 9 ◽  
Total Body

We performed gene screening of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) gene and genotyped three newly identified polymorphisms: C-1703T in the 5′ promoter region, T1069A in intron 5, and C174T in exon 9. We studied the association of these CNTFR variants with muscle strength, mass, and body composition in 465 men and women (20-90 yr) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Only the C174T variant was significantly associated with muscle-related phenotypes. In the entire cohort, when corrected for age, sex, race, physical activity, and height, homozygotes for the common C allele at C174T (CC) exhibited lower total body mass and body mass index than carriers of the rare T allele, which appeared to be due to significant differences in total nonosseous fat-free mass (FFM) (48.0 ± 0.4 vs. 50.0 ± 0.7 kg; P = 0.011) and lower limb FFM (16.5 ± 0.1 vs. 17.2 ± 0.2 kg; P = 0.002). The CC group also exhibited significantly lower quadriceps concentric and eccentric isokinetic strength values at both 30 and 180°/s than the T allele carriers (all P < 0.04), but these differences were no longer significant after adjustment for lower limb FFM. There were no significant sex-by-genotype interactions. The results indicate that the C174T polymorphism in exon 9 of CNTFR is significantly associated with FFM in men and women, with concomitant differences in muscular strength.

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