scholarly journals Do marmosets understand others’ conversations? A thermography approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. eabc8790 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Brügger ◽  
E. P. Willems ◽  
J. M. Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Behavioral Preference ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Marmoset Monkeys ◽  
Vocal Interactions

What information animals derive from eavesdropping on interactions between conspecifics, and whether they assign value to it, is difficult to assess because overt behavioral reactions are often lacking. An inside perspective of how observers perceive and process such interactions is thus paramount. Here, we investigate what happens in the mind of marmoset monkeys when they hear playbacks of positive or negative third-party vocal interactions, by combining thermography to assess physiological reactions and behavioral preference measures. The physiological reactions show that playbacks were perceived and processed holistically as interactions rather than as the sum of the separate elements. Subsequently, the animals preferred those individuals who had been simulated to engage in positive, cooperative vocal interactions during the playbacks. By using thermography to disentangle the mechanics of marmoset sociality, we thus find that marmosets eavesdrop on and socially evaluate vocal exchanges and use this information to distinguish between cooperative and noncooperative conspecifics.

scholarly journals The Metamorphosis of the Victim of Crime: From Crime to Culture and the Implications for Justice

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Walklate
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Trauma Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
As If

Beck (2015: 81) observes, metamorphosis ‘is proceeding latently, behind the mind walls of unintended side effects, which are being constructed as ‘natural’ and ‘self-evident’. Thus Beck’s concept of metamorphosis conceives of social change as unnoticed and unacknowledged. Such change is evident in the contemporary ever present invocation of the ‘victim’ in a wide range of different, crime-soaked circumstances. This paper is concerned to explore this metamorphosis of the ‘victim’ in reflecting on two narratives: the victim narrative and the trauma narrative. The contemporary conflation of these two narratives has led Agamben (1999: 13) to suggest that policy has proceeded as if ‘“testis” (the testimony of a person as a third party in a trial or a law suit) can be conflated with “superstes” (a person who has lived through something and can thereby bear witness to it)’. The paper makes the case that this conflation has consequences for understandings of justice.

The Customer Isn’t Always Right: The Implications of Illegitimate Complaints

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kawon Kim ◽  
Melissa A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Service Recovery ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Service Firms ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Complaining Behavior ◽  
Recovery Treatment ◽  
Tipping Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Due to the common business practice of the “customer is always right,” many companies have a risk of dealing with illegitimate complaints. Although illegitimate complaints are a major issue in the hospitality industry, no study has yet examined the impact of illegitimate customer complaining behavior on customers who can witness the complaining and recovery process of others. To fill this gap, this research examines the effects of service recovery aimed at illegitimate customers on customers who witness the complaints’ behavioral reactions (revisit intention, tipping behavior, intention to complain) and the role of emotional expression. A 2 (Service recovery aimed at other customer; good vs. poor) × 2 (Legitimacy of complaining behavior of other customers: legitimate vs. illegitimate) × 2 (Emotional expression: aggressive vs. calm) scenario-based between-subjects factorial experiment is utilized. This research provides evidence that witnessing illegitimate complaints of other customers and the subsequent service recovery aimed at those complainers impacts the behavioral reactions of customers who witness that situation. This study broadens the service recovery literature by incorporating third-party justice theory with illegitimate customer behavior by specifically examining the unique case where the firm is not responsible for the service recovery. In addition, the findings address the benefit to service firms by understanding the impact of witnessing other customers’ service recovery treatment on observers’ subsequent behavioral intentions.

scholarly journals Stress, Pain & Sport

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Wippert
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Induce Stress ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Chronic Pain Patients ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Pain Patients

Stressors in everyday life can entail, along with emotional and behavioral reactions, a whole series of physiological reactions at different systematic levels (endocrinological, metabolic, immunological). This is also a cause for the development of stress-associated illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, fatigue syndrome, delayed healing of injuries, and pain syndromes. Current research has focused increasing attention on pain syndromes due to the significant economic harm caused by chronic pain patients. Sports, and especially endurance sports, are well-suited for the psychophysiological reduction of stress. Extreme sports, however, can actually induce stress and result in symptoms related to being overstressed. A good balance between exertion and recovery is therefore very important for elite athletes. The presentation gives an overview about this different topics and measurement methods of stress.

Editorial

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Structure ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Floor Plan ◽  
Nineteen Fifties ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Alternative Plan ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Office Environments

Some architects are still somewhat careful in embracing open building for two reasons. Firstly they see the design responsibility of ‘the plan’ being taken away from them and secondly they worry at having a third party who is not an architect to ‘design’ his or her own floor plan. This could occur in health, educational, residential or office environments and since the third party is likely to be a lay person and not someone from the design disciplines it is deemed as unprofessional. This is largely a misunderstanding because the role of the user is not a design role in the professional sense of the word. Rather the users are making their priorities and relationships for various functions in the form of a plan but more likely expressed with a dolls house type of model or by computer modeling. This can be applied to the work place, health care, educational buildings and many more types. It is often engrained in the mind of the professionals that they must perfect the plan, work and work on it, polish it, defend it, the plan is theirs and where the physical structure only relates to that specific plan. Any change in the plan brings about a change in the structure. This really is a negation of open building. Such a one to one correlation of structure to plan leaves no room for movement or any alternative plan. This was the horror of some nineteen fifties and sixties tower blocks for council tenants where four or even six units per floor were shaped by the vertical structural sheer walls and columns. These could be holding up to twenty five stories and at the same time these monolithic structural concrete walls formed the plan configuration of the flats on each floor. The characteristics of this approach were standardization and the complete inability of the building to respond to change. Timelessness rather than time-based would be the best description of such buildings.

scholarly journals Bayi Tabung Dalam Tinjauan Hukum Islam (Analisis Maqashid Syari’ah)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irham Dongoran
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Body ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
The Media ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Mind

<p><em>In every era, there are always social phenomena that arise, and Islamic law has covered and answered them for their legal position. One of the examples of the phenomena is IVF (In Vitro Fertilization), which is an artificial insemination as a shortcut to get children by bringing together sperm cells and egg cells outside the body which are then inserted into the mother's womb, so they can grow into a fetus as usual pregnancy. In this IVF process, there are likely to be 5 parties involved, namely: husband, wife, sperm donor, ovum donor and uterine mother. If there is a third party besides wife and husband involved in the process of IVF, there will be indications of genetic mixing in the fetus.</em></p><p><em>IVF with a system without any third party involvement (sperm and ovum from husband and wife) by transferring into the womb of the wife is permissible and the baby is the descendant of his parents. However, if there is involvement of a third party, it is prohibited. IVF In the concept of Maqashid Shari'ah is one of the media that contributes in realizing 1. Hifdzu ad-din (protecting religion), 2. Hifdzu an-nafs (protecting souls), 3. Hifdzu al-aql (protecting the mind), 4. Hifdzu al-mal (protecting property), 5. Hifdzu an-nasab (protecting descendants). However, IVF is more dominant and looks more transparent in the aspect of Hifdzu an-nasab (protecting desdendants).</em></p>

Law and Literature: Theory and Evidence on Empathy and Guile

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Law And Literature ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Literature Theory ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Simple Economic

Abstract Legal theorists have suggested that literature stimulates empathy and affects moral judgment and decision-making. I present a model to formalize the potential effects of empathy on third parties. Empathy is modeled as having two components–sympathy (the decision-maker’s reference point about what the third party deserves) and emotional theory of mind (anticipating the emotions of another in reaction to certain actions). I study the causal effect with a data entry experiment. Workers enter text whose content is randomized to relate to empathy, guile, or a control. Workers then take the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and participate in a simple economic game. On average, workers exposed to empathy become less deceptive towards third parties. The result is stronger when workers are nearly indifferent. These results are robust to a variety of controls and model specifications.

scholarly journals Nonlocal Perception: A Synthesis of the Meta-Analytic Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizio Tressoldi ◽  
Lance Storm
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Free Response ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Normal States ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
The Brain

This brief study presents the accumulated evidence for a range of meta-analyses on nonlocal (anomalous) perception (a.k.a. a communication anomaly) conducted between 1935 and 2020. What emerged from thirteen meta-analyses related to six different states of consciousness, is a more than tenfold gap in effect size (ES), ranging from the lowest ES for forced-choice normal state of consciousness (i.e., non-noise-reduction), to the highest ES for free response unconscious physiological reactions and modified states of consciousness (e.g., dreaming, ganzfeld, etc.). The evidence accumulated over more than 80 years of investigation clearly shows that nonlocal perception is possible, and effects can be enhanced by altering normal states of consciousness, thus facilitating an alternative form of perception seemingly unconstrained by the normal biological characteristics of the sense organs and the brain. This research expands our understanding of the mind-brain relationship and the nature of human mind.

scholarly journals Stress, Pain & Sport

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Wippert
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Induce Stress ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Fatigue Syndrome ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Chronic Pain Patients ◽  
Physiological Reactions ◽  
Pain Patients

Stressors in everyday life can entail, along with emotional and behavioral reactions, a whole series of physiological reactions at different systematic levels (endocrinological, metabolic, immunological). This is also a cause for the development of stress-associated illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, fatigue syndrome, delayed healing of injuries, and pain syndromes. Current research has focused increasing attention on pain syndromes due to the significant economic harm caused by chronic pain patients. Sports, and especially endurance sports, are well-suited for the psychophysiological reduction of stress. Extreme sports, however, can actually induce stress and result in symptoms related to being overstressed. A good balance between exertion and recovery is therefore very important for elite athletes. The presentation gives an overview about this different topics and measurement methods of stress.

scholarly journals Marmoset monkeys evaluate third-party reciprocity

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 20140058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Kawai ◽  
Miyuki Yasue ◽  
Taku Banno ◽  
Noritaka Ichinohe
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Social Exchanges ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Human Actors ◽  
Marmoset Monkeys

Many non-human primates have been observed to reciprocate and to understand reciprocity in one-to-one social exchanges. A recent study demonstrated that capuchin monkeys are sensitive to both third-party reciprocity and violation of reciprocity; however, whether this sensitivity is a function of general intelligence, evidenced by their larger brain size relative to other primates, remains unclear. We hypothesized that highly pro-social primates, even with a relatively smaller brain, would be sensitive to others' reciprocity. Here, we show that common marmosets discriminated between human actors who reciprocated in social exchanges with others and those who did not. Monkeys accepted rewards less frequently from non-reciprocators than they did from reciprocators when the non-reciprocators had retained all food items, but they accepted rewards from both actors equally when they had observed reciprocal exchange between the actors. These results suggest that mechanisms to detect unfair reciprocity in third-party social exchanges do not require domain-general higher cognitive ability based on proportionally larger brains, but rather emerge from the cooperative and pro-social tendencies of species, and thereby suggest this ability evolved in multiple primate lineages.

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