Response to Comment on "Levy Walks Evolve Through Interaction Between Movement and Environmental Complexity"

The present paper gives a review of empirical research on ethical leadership and shows that still little is known known about the contextual antecedents of ethical leadership. To address this important issue, a conceptual framework is developed that analyzes the embeddedness of organizational ethical leadership. This framework identifies manifest and latent contextual factors on three different levels of analysis – society, industry, and organization – which can affect the development and maintenance of ethical leadership. In particular, propositions are offered about how (1) societal characteristics, notably the implementation and the spirit of human rights in a society and societal cultural values of responsibility, justice, humanity, and transparency; (2) industry characteristics such as environmental complexity, the content of the organizational mandate, and the interests of stakeholder networks; and (3) intra-organizational characteristics, including the organizational ethical infrastructure and the ethical leadership behavior of a leader’s peer group, influence the development and maintenance of ethical leadership in organizations. This list of factors is not exhaustive, but illustrates how the three levels may impact ethical leadership. Implications for managerial practice and future research are discussed.

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The Contractual Governance of Disputes in Biopharmaceutical Alliances: The Role of Exchange and Environmental Complexity

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2096141 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Bart Dormans

Keyword(s):

Environmental Complexity ◽

Contractual Governance

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Adaptive response to a future life challenge: consequences of early-life environmental complexity in dual-purpose chicks

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa348 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Chao Yan ◽

Kate Hartcher ◽

Wen Liu ◽

Jinlong Xiao ◽

Hai Xiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Early Life ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Adaptive Plasticity ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Dual Purpose ◽

Stress Related Genes ◽

Life Challenge ◽

Environmental Challenge

Abstract Conditions in early life play profound and long-lasting effects on the welfare and adaptability to stress of chickens. This study aimed to explore the hypothesis that the provision of environmental complexity in early life improves birds’ adaptive plasticity and ability to cope with a challenge later in life. It also tried to investigate the effect of the gut-brain axis by measuring behavior, stress hormone, gene expression, and gut microbiota. One-day-old chicks were split into 3 groups: (1) a barren environment (without enrichment items) group (BG, n = 40), (2) a litter materials group (LG, n = 40), and (3) a perches with litter materials group (PLG, n = 40). Then, enrichment items were removed and simulated as an environmental challenge at 31 to 53 d of age. Birds were subjected to a predator test at 42 d of age. In the environmental challenge, when compared with LG, PLG birds were characterized by decreased fearfulness, lower plasma corticosterone, improved gut microbial functions, lower relative mRNA expression of GR, and elevated mRNA expressions of stress-related genes CRH, BDNF, and NR2A in the hypothalamus (all P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the opposite was true for the LG birds when compared with the BG (P < 0.05). Decreased plasma corticosterone and fearfulness were accompanied by altered hypothalamic gene mRNA expressions of BDNF, NR2A, GR, and CRH through the HPA axis in response to altered gut microbial compositions and functions. The findings suggest that gut microbiota may integrate fearfulness, plasma corticosterone, and gene expression in the hypothalamus to provide an insight into the gut-brain axis in chicks. In conclusion, having access to both perches and litter materials in early life allowed birds to cope better with a future challenge. Birds in perches and litter materials environment may have optimal development and adaptive plasticity through the gut-brain axis.

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Green Innovation in Environmental Complexity: The Implication of Open Innovation

Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity ◽

10.3390/joitmc7020107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Ieva Meidute-Kavaliauskiene ◽

Şemsettin Çiğdem ◽

Aidas Vasilis Vasiliauskas ◽

Bülent Yıldız

Keyword(s):

Firm Performance ◽

Open Innovation ◽

Environmental Uncertainty ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Survey Method ◽

Green Innovation ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Data Set ◽

Innovation Activities

People have become more conscientious about the environment in recent years. Increasing environmental awareness drives customers to be more selective about environmentally friendly products and forces governments to adopt environmentally friendly policies. As a result, competition in the market becomes more challenging. Thus, companies cannot remain indifferent to adopting environmentally friendly strategies to be sustainable. In this regard, this study investigates the effect of green innovation on firm performance. We also examined whether the environmental uncertainty moderates the investigated effect. For this purpose, first, data were collected from the first 1000 exporting firms declared in 2019 by the Turkey Exporters Assembly using a survey method. Secondly, factor analyses and regression analyses were performed with the data set obtained from 136 companies. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that green innovation increases both environmental performance and economic performance. It also was found that green innovation positively affects firm performance, but environmental uncertainty reduces this effect. According to these results, it was offered that firms should increase their green innovation activities to achieve better outputs and seek ways to reduce environmental uncertainty to keep these outputs at the maximum level. Finally, the research includes some considerations on the positive implications and potential of green innovation in an open-innovation context.

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Brain morphology predicts social intelligence in wild cleaner fish

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-20130-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zegni Triki ◽

Yasmin Emery ◽

Magda C. Teles ◽

Rui F. Oliveira ◽

Redouan Bshary

Keyword(s):

Social Intelligence ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Brain Morphology ◽

Brain Anatomy ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Learning Abilities ◽

Cleaner Fish ◽

High Performing ◽

Selective Pressures

AbstractIt is generally agreed that variation in social and/or environmental complexity yields variation in selective pressures on brain anatomy, where more complex brains should yield increased intelligence. While these insights are based on many evolutionary studies, it remains unclear how ecology impacts brain plasticity and subsequently cognitive performance within a species. Here, we show that in wild cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus), forebrain size of high-performing individuals tested in an ephemeral reward task covaried positively with cleaner density, while cerebellum size covaried negatively with cleaner density. This unexpected relationship may be explained if we consider that performance in this task reflects the decision rules that individuals use in nature rather than learning abilities: cleaners with relatively larger forebrains used decision-rules that appeared to be locally optimal. Thus, social competence seems to be a suitable proxy of intelligence to understand individual differences under natural conditions.

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Integrating immediate gains with sustainable performance: systematic review of paradox at the intersection of strategic management and innovation

Management Review Quarterly ◽

10.1007/s11301-021-00225-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Leonie Schulte

Keyword(s):

Strategic Management ◽

Organizational Capabilities ◽

Organizational Life ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Individual Level ◽

Scarce Resources ◽

Sustainable Performance ◽

Body Of Knowledge ◽

Competing Demands ◽

Managerial Implications

AbstractDigital technologies introduce change as a permanent feature of organizational life, creating an imbalance between market requirements and organizational capabilities. This article seeks to explore the tensions that organizations are confronted with when they engage in the strategic management of innovation (SMI) to achieve immediate and simultaneously lasting success. The divergent nature of strategic management and innovation promotes opposing organizational demands routed in a diversity of stakeholder agendas that foster an unhealthy tug-of-war over scarce resources. The resulting paradoxes are mirrored in the SMI literature. Hence to promote a more accurate understanding of complex organisational dynamics, this study organizes and integrates the diverse body of knowledge on SMI within the scope of a systematic literature review. By adopting a paradox perspective, a conceptual scheme is developed onto which competing demands are mapped. The application of framework synthesis reveals a wide array of paradoxes at the intersection of innovation and strategic management, including the inter-organisational, firm, project and individual level of analysis, while accounting for certain contextual factors that expose paradoxical tensions. The study thus contributes to the advancement of SMI literature by applying a new conceptual perspective, by employing a fairly new method to framework synthesis, and by recognizing the potential of environmental complexity in reference to subliminal tensions. The article proposes a research agenda with a more nuanced perspective on competing demands inherent in SMI, while also offering managerial implications that account for contemporary imperatives.

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Search via Parallel Lévy Walks on Z2

Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing ◽

10.1145/3465084.3467921 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Clementi ◽

Francesco d'Amore ◽

George Giakkoupis ◽

Emanuele Natale

Keyword(s):

Lévy Walks

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Excessive Ties in Entrepreneurship Can Hurt: How Excess Entrepreneurial Ties Bring Negative Effects to the Firm

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/21582440211025533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 215824402110255

Author(s):

Lijun Xu ◽

Yun Zhu ◽

Chuanyang Ruan ◽

Weijin Shi

Keyword(s):

Absorptive Capacity ◽

Social Ties ◽

Entrepreneurial Firms ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Environmental Complexity ◽

Entrepreneurial Performance ◽

Firm Outcomes ◽

Critical Resource ◽

Curvilinear Effect

Entrepreneurial ties are a critical resource for development and survival of entrepreneurial firms; however, the mechanism of how entrepreneurial ties affect entrepreneurial performance remains unclear. This study advances existing research on social ties and entrepreneurship through investigating how entrepreneurial ties exert a curvilinear impact on entrepreneurial performance via absorptive capacity, and the curvilinear effect of entrepreneurial ties is contingent on environmental complexity. The present study uses a dyadic dataset of 223 entrepreneurs from creativity industries in China to examine hypotheses. The results show that entrepreneurs’ ties have an inverted U-shaped impact on entrepreneurial performance. We also partially find that this inverted U-shaped relationship is mediated by absorptive capacity. Finally, we also find that this inverted U-shaped relationship is steeper when environmental complexity is high, and this inverted U-shaped relationship turns into an almost positive linear when environmental complexity is low. Overall, these results contribute to a deeper understanding of how and when entrepreneurial ties lead to a curvilinear impact on firm outcomes.

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