scholarly journals Cytokine Expression in the Colonic Mucosa of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals before and during 9 Months of Antiretroviral Therapy

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 3377-3384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Schulbin ◽  
Hagen Bode ◽  
Hartmut Stocker ◽  
Wolfgang Schmidt ◽  
Thomas Zippel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT High-level human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and the rapid breakdown of the mucosal immune system are the hallmarks of HIV infection in the gut. Cytokine dysregulation may be related to both phenomena. Using real-time PCR we quantified the colonic mucosal mRNA expression of selected proinflammatory and regulatory (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) and HIV-inhibitory (IL-16, CCL3, and CCL5) cytokines for 10 HIV-infected patients before and during 9 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV RNA and T-cell dynamics were measured in the colonic mucosa and the blood. Seven HIV-negative individuals served as controls. The mucosal mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in control patients and remained elevated during 9 months of HAART despite the decline in blood and mucosal HIV RNA levels and an increase in the level of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The mRNA levels of CCL3 and CCL5, both of which were elevated before treatment, returned to nearly normal during therapy. Despite reductions in levels of mucosal HIV RNA and the restoration of mucosal CD4+ T lymphocytes, antiretroviral therapy failed to restore the normal colonic immunologic environment.

scholarly journals Safety and Efficacy of Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the First Week of Life

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Maswabi ◽  
Gbolahan Ajibola ◽  
Kara Bennett ◽  
Edmund V Capparelli ◽  
Patrick Jean-Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Trough Concentrations ◽  
Hiv Exposed ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for infants with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, few antiretroviral options are available for neonates. Methods The Early Infant Treatment Study in Botswana tested HIV-exposed infants within 96 hours of birth, and HIV-infected infants started nevirapine (NVP) 6 mg/kg twice daily, zidovudine (ZDV), and lamivudine (3TC) at age < 7 days. NVP trough concentrations were tested at 1 and 2 weeks. NVP was switched to ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) at week 2, 3, 4, or 5 according to delivery gestational age. Results Forty HIV-infected infants started ART at median age 2 days (range, 1–5 days). NVP trough concentrations were highly variable and below therapeutic target (3000 ng/mL) for 50% of 2-week measurements; concentrations did not correlate with viral decline at weeks 2, 4, or 12. Two deaths unrelated to ART occurred through 24 weeks. Only 1 unscheduled treatment modification was required. Within 4 weeks of transition to LPV/r, 9 (22.5%) had transient HIV RNA increases, likely due to poor LPV/r palatability. At 12 weeks, 22 (55%) of 40 were <40 copies/mL (93% <400 copies/mL); by 24 weeks, 27 of 38 (71%) were < 40 copies/mL (84% < 400 copies/mL). HIV-1 RNA response at 12 and 24 weeks did not differ by baseline HIV RNA or other factors. Conclusions NVP/ZDV/3TC started in the first week of life was safe and effective, even when trough NVP levels were below target. Transient viral increases occurred following transition to LPV/r, but by 12 and 24 weeks most children achieved and maintained viral suppression. Clinical Trials Registration U01AII4235.

scholarly journals Effect of Intercurrent Infections and Vaccinations on Immune and Inflammatory Biomarkers Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell H. S. Tan ◽  
Leah Szadkowski ◽  
Janet Raboud ◽  
Tae Joon Yi ◽  
Brett Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We used generalized estimating equations to quantify the impact of recent vaccination or intercurrent infections on immune and inflammatory biomarkers among 144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL on antiretroviral therapy. These events were associated with a 2.244 µg/mL increase in high sensitivity C-reactive protein and should be routinely assessed in future studies.

scholarly journals Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir Estimated by the Intact Proviral DNA Assay Correlates With Levels of Total and Integrated DNA in the Blood During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Papasavvas ◽  
Livio Azzoni ◽  
Brian N Ross ◽  
Matthew Fair ◽  
Zhe Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Reservoir ◽  
Dna Assay ◽  
Proviral Dna ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Hiv Dna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Accurate characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is imperative to develop an effective cure. HIV was measured in antiretroviral therapy-suppressed individuals using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA), along with assays for total or integrated HIV DNA, and inducible HIV RNA or p24. Intact provirus correlated with total and integrated HIV.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Clearance After Treatment With Direct-Acting Antivirals in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-HCV Coinfection Modulates Systemic Immune Activation and HIV Transcription on Antiretroviral Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanina Ghiglione ◽  
María Laura Polo ◽  
Alejandra Urioste ◽  
Ajantha Rhodes ◽  
Alejandro Czernikier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Direct Acting Antivirals ◽  
Hiv Persistence ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hcv Coinfection ◽  
Direct Acting

Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) might perturb immune function and HIV persistence. We aimed to evaluate the impact of HCV clearance with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on immune activation and HIV persistence in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods In a prospective observational study, ART-treated participants with HIV/HCV coinfection received sofosbuvir/daclatasvir ± ribavirin (n = 19). Blood samples were collected before DAA therapy, at the end of treatment, and 12 months after DAA termination (12MPT). T- and natural killer (NK)-cell phenotype, soluble plasma factors, cell-associated (CA)-HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms (total, integrated, 2LTR), CA-unspliced (US) and multiple-spliced ribonucleic acid (RNA), and plasma HIV RNA were evaluated. Results Hepatitis C virus clearance was associated with (1) a downmodulation of activation and exhaustion markers in CD4+, CD8+ T, and NK cells together with (2) decreased plasma levels of Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10), interleukin-8 (IL-8), soluble (s)CD163 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM). Cell-associated US HIV RNA was significantly higher at 12MPT compared to baseline, with no change in HIV DNA or plasma RNA. Conclusions Elimination of HCV in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals alters immune function and the transcriptional activity of latently infected cells. This report provides insights into the effects of HCV coinfection in HIV persistence and regards coinfected subjects as a population in which HIV remission might prove to be more challenging.

scholarly journals Cytokine serum levels in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus with and without Trypanosoma cruzi coinfection

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Bertulucci Rocha Rodrigues ◽  
Dalmo Correia ◽  
Mônica Dias Marra ◽  
Luis Eduardo Ramirez Giraldo ◽  
Eliane Lages-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Factor Alpha

This study assessed the number of CD4 T lymphocytes, the parasitemia and serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4 and IL-10 of patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human immunodeficiency virus/Chagas' disease coinfection. CD4 T lymphocytes were low in the two groups of patients, although significantly lower in patients without Chagas' disease. Serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher in patients with HIV/Chagas' disease. IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios were higher in patients with HIV/Chagas' disease, which showed a clear balance in favor of Th2-like cytokines in this group of patients. This Th2 balance was higher in patients with detectable parasitemia. We conclude that, although immunosuppression was observed, with CD4 T lymphocytes bellow 200/µm³, these patients did not display reactivation of T. cruzi infection and that a balance favorable to Th2 was associated with the presence of parasitemia.

scholarly journals Decay Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Effector Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes after Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 797-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Ogg ◽  
X. Jin ◽  
S. Bonhoeffer ◽  
P. Moss ◽  
M. A. Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Specific Effector ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Little is known of the changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) after potent antiretroviral therapy. Using HLA/peptide tetrameric complexes, we show that after starting treatment, there are early rapid fluctuations in the HIV-1-specific CTL response which last 1 to 2 weeks. These fluctuations are followed by an exponential decay (median half-life, 45 days) of HIV-1-specific CTL which continues while viremia remains undetectable. These data have implications for the immunological control of drug-resistant virus.

scholarly journals Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Syndrome After Nonadherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in a Patient With Chronic HIV Infection: A Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong K. Choi ◽  
Christopher J. Graber
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Acute Illness ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Acute Retroviral Syndrome ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
Chronic Hiv Infection

Abstract We report a rare case of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) syndrome in a patient with chronic HIV infection with acute illness indistinguishable from acute retroviral syndrome. The patient presented with an acute febrile mononucleosis-like illness after increasing nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. A marked increase in HIV RNA level of 1 220 000 copies/mL from less than 20 copies/mL occurred within 3 weeks. The diagnosis of acute HIV syndrome was made after alternative causes of illness were ruled out.

scholarly journals High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Is Improved by Treatment With Antiretroviral Therapy in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Lo ◽  
Eric S. Rosenberg ◽  
Michael L. Fitzgerald ◽  
Suzane B. Bazner ◽  
Ezinne J. Ihenachor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux Capacity ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background.  Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). Reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages may be inhibited by HIV and contribute to increased CVD. Human studies have not investigated longitudinal effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on cholesterol efflux. Methods.  Subjects with acute HIV infection were randomized to ART or not. Cholesterol efflux capacity was determined ex vivo after exposure of murine macrophages to apolipoprotein B-depleted patient sera obtained at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results.  After 12 weeks, HIV RNA decreased most in subjects randomized to ART. Available data on cholesterol demonstrated that efflux capacity from Abca1+/+ macrophages was increased most by sera obtained from ART-treated subjects (20.5% ± 5.0% to 24.3 % ± 6.9%, baseline to 12 weeks, P = .007; ART group [n = 6] vs 18.0 % ± 3.9% to 19.1 % ± 2.9%, baseline to 12 weeks, P = .30; untreated group [n = 6] [P = .04 ART vs untreated group]). Change in HIV RNA was negatively associated with change in Abca1+/+ macrophage cholesterol efflux (r = − 0.62, P = .03), and this finding remained significant (P = .03) after controlling for changes in HDL-cholesterol, CD4+ cells, and markers of monocyte or macrophage activation. Conclusions.  In subjects acutely infected with HIV, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cholesterol efflux was stimulated to a greater degree over time by apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from subjects randomized to ART. The improvement in cholesterol efflux capacity is independently related to reduction in viral load.

scholarly journals CD4 Recovery on Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Progression to Liver Disease Among Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Injecting Drug Users

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Anderson ◽  
C. Robert Horsburgh ◽  
Paige L. Williams ◽  
Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen ◽  
David Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Liver Disease Progression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background.  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection accelerates liver disease progression in individuals with chronic hepatitis C. We evaluated the associations of CD4, HIV RNA, and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced CD4 recovery with liver diagnoses in a prospective cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs). Methods.  We evaluated 383 coinfected IDUs in the Boston area, prospectively observed for a median of 1.8 years. Liver disease progression included the first occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma, variceal bleeding, ascites, encephalopathy, or death due to hepatic failure. Multivariable-adjusted extended Cox models were specified to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for comparisons of CD4, change in CD4 (from nadir), and HIV RNA with respect to liver disease progression events. Results.  Twenty-four persons experienced a liver disease progression event over 1155 person-years (2.1 per 100 person-years), including 20 deaths attributed to end-stage liver disease (1.7 per 100 person-years). CD4 at baseline and over follow-up strongly predicted liver disease progression (baseline CD4 <200 vs ≥200: HR = 5.23, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.30–11.92; time-updated CD4 <200 vs ≥200: HR = 11.79, 95% CI, 4.47–31.07). Nadir CD4 was also a strong indicator (<100 vs ≥100: HR = 3.52, 95% CI, 1.54–8.06). A lack of CD4 recovery (failure to increase 100 cells over nadir) among ART initiators was associated with increased risk (HR = 7.69; 95% CI, 2.60–22.69). Human immunodeficiency virus RNA was not significantly associated with liver disease progression. Conclusions.  Impaired immune function was highly predictive of liver disease progression in this cohort of IDUs, and a lack of CD4 recovery on ART was associated with increased risk of progression to HCV-associated liver disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document