Modulation of Responses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to pH and Temperature Stresses by Growth at Different Salt Concentrations

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus inhabits marine, brackish, and estuarine waters worldwide, where fluctuations in salinity pose a constant challenge to the osmotic stress response of the organism. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a moderate halophile, having an absolute requirement for salt for survival, and is capable of growth at 1 to 9% NaCl. It is the leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and much of Asia. We determined whether growth in differing NaCl concentrations alters the susceptibility of V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 to other environmental stresses. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was grown at a 1% or 3% NaCl concentration, and the growth and survival of the organism were examined under acid or temperature stress conditions. Growth of V. parahaemolyticus in 3% NaCl versus that in 1% NaCl increased survival under both inorganic (HCl) and organic (acetic acid) acid conditions. In addition, at 42°C and −20°C, 1% NaCl had a detrimental effect on growth. The expression of lysine decarboxylase (encoded by cadA), the organism's main acid stress response system, was induced by both NaCl and acid conditions. To begin to address the mechanism of regulation of the stress response, we constructed a knockout mutation in rpoS, which encodes the alternative stress sigma factor, and in toxRS, a two-component regulator common to many Vibrio species. Both mutant strains had significantly reduced survival under acid stress conditions. The effect of V. parahaemolyticus growth in 1% or 3% NaCl was examined using a cytotoxicity assay, and we found that V. parahaemolyticus grown in 1% NaCl was significantly more toxic than that grown in 3% NaCl.

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High-Salt Preadaptation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Enhances Survival in Response to Lethal Environmental Stresses

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-241 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 246-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

SAI SIDDARTH KALBURGE ◽

W. BRIAN WHITAKER ◽

E. FIDELMA BOYD

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

High Salinity ◽

Acid Stress ◽

Acid Tolerance ◽

High Salt ◽

Wild Type ◽

Acid Tolerance Response ◽

Tolerance Response

Adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. This pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% NaCl. Among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. V. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase system responsible for decarboxylation of lysine to the basic product cadaverine, an important acid stress response system in bacteria. Preadaptation to mild acid conditions, i.e., the acid tolerance response, enhances survival under lethal acid conditions. Because of the variety of conditions encountered by V. parahaemolyticus in the marine environment and in oyster postharvest facilities, we examined the nature of the V. parahaemolyticus acid tolerance response under high-salinity conditions. Short preadaptation to a 6% salt concentration increased survival of the wild-type strain but not that of a cadA mutant under lethal acid conditions. However, prolonged exposure to high salinity (16 h) increased survival of both the wild-type and the cadA mutant strains. This phenotype was not dependent on the stress response sigma factor RpoS. Although this preadaptation response is much more pronounced in V. parahaemolyticus, this characteristic is not limited to this species. Both Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus also survive better under lethal acid stress conditions when preadapted to high-salinity conditions. High salt both protected the organism against acid stress and increased survival under −20°C cold stress conditions. High-salt adaptation of V. parahaemolyticus strains significantly increases survival under environmental stresses that would otherwise be lethal to these bacteria.

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Effects of Feed Mixed with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Supplied to the Water on the Growth and Survival Rate of White Leg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Infected with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10040280 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 280

Author(s):

Linh Nguyen Thi Truc ◽

Tuu Nguyen Thanh ◽

To Tran Thi Hong ◽

Day Pham Van ◽

Minh Vo Thi Tuyet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Control Group ◽

Penaeus Vannamei ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽

Shrimp Health

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, survival rate, and resistance to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by using Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus mixed with feed, and at the same time supplying CNP in a ratio of 15:1:0.1 to the water. As a result, the treatments that shrimp were fed with feed containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially L. plantarum, have increased shrimp growth, total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. The supply of CNP to the water has promoted the intensity of V. parahaemolyticus effects on shrimp health and significantly decreased total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells by 30–50% in the period after three days of the challenge, except in L. plantarum treatment, which had only a 20% decrease compared to other treatments. In CNP supplying treatments, the AHPND infected rate and mortality of shrimp were higher than those in other treatments. In summary, the supply of CNP had significantly reduced the shrimp’s immune response and promoted the susceptibility of shrimp to AHPND in both cases of use with and without LAB-containing diets.

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Thermal and Starvation Stress Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Isolates Selected from Agricultural Environments

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-115 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 1673-1679 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

ACHYUT ADHIKARI ◽

ANDY BARY ◽

CRAIG COGGER ◽

CALEB JAMES ◽

GÜLHAN ÜNLÜ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Stress Response ◽

Weibull Model ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Inactivation Kinetics ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Starvation Stress ◽

E Coli ◽

Response To Stress

ABSTRACT Pathogens exposed to agricultural production environments are subject to multiple stresses that may alter their survival under subsequent stress conditions. The objective of this study was to examine heat and starvation stress response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains isolated from agricultural matrices. Seven E. coli O157:H7 isolates from different agricultural matrices—soil, compost, irrigation water, and sheep manure—were selected, and two ATCC strains were used as controls. The E. coli O157:H7 isolates were exposed to heat stress (56°C in 0.1% peptone water for up to 1 h) and starvation (in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C for 15 days), and their survival was examined. GInaFiT freeware tool was used to perform regression analyses of the surviving populations. The Weibull model was identified as the most appropriate model for response of the isolates to heat stress, whereas the biphasic survival curves during starvation were fitted using the double Weibull model, indicating the adaptation to starvation or a resistant subpopulation. The inactivation time during heating to achieve the first decimal reduction time (δ) calculated with the Weibull parameters was the highest (45 min) for a compost isolate (Comp60A) and the lowest (28 min) for ATCC strain 43895. Two of the nine isolates (ATCC 43895 and a manure isolate) had β < 1, indicating that surviving populations adapted to heat stress, and six strains demonstrated downward concavity (β > 1), indicating decreasing heat resistance over time. The ATCC strains displayed the longest δ2 (>1,250 h) in response to starvation stress, compared with from 328 to 812 h for the environmental strains. The considerable variation in inactivation kinetics of E. coli O157:H7 highlights the importance of evaluating response to stress conditions among individual strains of a specific pathogen. Environmental isolates did not exhibit more robust response to stress conditions in this study compared with ATCC strains.

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Trypanosoma cruzi Polyamine Transporter: Its Role on Parasite Growth and Survival Under Stress Conditions

The Journal of Membrane Biology ◽

10.1007/s00232-016-9888-z ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 249 (4) ◽

pp. 475-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chantal Reigada ◽

Melisa Sayé ◽

Edward Valera Vera ◽

Darío Balcazar ◽

Laura Fraccaroli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Parasite Growth ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Polyamine Transporter

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Growth and Survival of Azospirillum Lipoferum in Soil and Rhizosphere as Influenced by Ecological Stress Conditions

Experientia Supplementum - Azospirillum ◽

10.1007/978-3-0348-9364-0_10 ◽

1982 ◽

pp. 100-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. Jagnow

Keyword(s):

Stress Conditions ◽

Azospirillum Lipoferum ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Ecological Stress

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Constitutive Photomorphogenic 1 Enhances ER Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10772

Author(s):

Chang Ho Kang ◽

Eun Seon Lee ◽

Ganesh M. Nawkar ◽

Joung Hun Park ◽

Seong Dong Wi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Er Stress ◽

Stress Conditions ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Light Signaling ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Wild Type ◽

Er Stress Response ◽

The Unfolded Protein Response ◽

Mutant Locus

Interaction between light signaling and stress response has been recently reported in plants. Here, we investigated the role of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), a key regulator of light signaling, in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in Arabidopsis. The cop1-4 mutant Arabidopsis plants were highly sensitive to ER stress induced by treatment with tunicarmycin (Tm). Interestingly, the abundance of nuclear-localized COP1 increased under ER stress conditions. Complementation of cop1-4 mutant plants with the wild-type or variant types of COP1 revealed that the nuclear localization and dimerization of COP1 are essential for its function in plant ER stress response. Moreover, the protein amount of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), which inhibits bZIP28 to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), decreased under ER stress conditions in a COP1-dependent manner. Accordingly, the binding of bZIP28 to the BIP3 promoter was reduced in cop1-4 plants and increased in hy5 plants compared with the wild type. Furthermore, introduction of the hy5 mutant locus into the cop1-4 mutant background rescued its ER stress-sensitive phenotype. Altogether, our results suggest that COP1, a negative regulator of light signaling, positively controls ER stress response by partially degrading HY5 in the nucleus.

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Interacting Effects of pH, Temperature, and Salt Concentration on Growth and Survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Applied Microbiology ◽

10.1128/am.25.5.844-846.1973 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 844-846 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. R. Beuchat

Keyword(s):

Salt Concentration ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Effects Of Ph

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Investigation of the Genes Involved in the Outbreaks of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the United States

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10101274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1274

Author(s):

Michelle Li ◽

Kyle Wang ◽

Ashley Tang ◽

Aaron Tang ◽

Andrew Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Principal Component ◽

The United States ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonella spp. and Escherichiacoli (E. coli) are two of the deadliest foodborne pathogens in the US. Genes involved in antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and stress response, enable these pathogens to increase their pathogenicity. This study aims to examine the genes detected in both outbreak and non-outbreak Salmonella spp. and E. coli by analyzing the data from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser database. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted on the genes detected in isolates of outbreak Salmonella spp., non-outbreak Salmonella spp., outbreak E. coli, and non-outbreak E. coli. The genes from the data were projected onto a two-dimensional space through principal component analysis. Hierarchical clustering was then used to quantify the relationship between the genes in the dataset. Most of the outlier genes identified in E. coli isolates are virulence genes, while outlier genes identified in Salmonella spp. are mainly involved in stress response. Gene epeA, which encodes a high-molecular-weight serine protease autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) protein, along with subA and subB that encode cytotoxic activity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of outbreak E. coli. The iro operon and ars operon may play a role in the ecological success of the epidemic clones of Salmonella spp. Concurrent relationships between esp and ter operons in E. coli and pco and sil operons in Salmonella spp. are found. Stress-response genes (asr, golT, golS), virulence gene (sinH), and antimicrobial resistance genes (mdsA and mdsB) in Salmonella spp. also show a concurrent relationship. All these findings provide helpful information for experiment design to combat outbreaks of E. coli and Salmonella spp.

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