scholarly journals Changes in the Gut Microbiome of the Sea Lamprey during Metamorphosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 7638-7644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Tetlock ◽  
Christopher K. Yost ◽  
John Stavrinides ◽  
Richard G. Manzon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Feeding Larva

ABSTRACTVertebrate metamorphosis is often marked by dramatic morphological and physiological changes of the alimentary tract, along with major shifts in diet following development from larva to adult. Little is known about how these developmental changes impact the gut microbiome of the host organism. The metamorphosis of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) from a sedentary filter-feeding larva to a free-swimming sanguivorous parasite is characterized by major physiological and morphological changes to all organ systems. The transformation of the alimentary canal includes closure of the larval esophagus and the physical isolation of the pharynx from the remainder of the gut, which results in a nonfeeding period that can last up to 8 months. To determine how the gut microbiome is affected by metamorphosis, the microbial communities of feeding and nonfeeding larval and parasitic sea lamprey were surveyed using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. Our results show that the gut of the filter-feeding larva contains a greater diversity of bacteria than that of the blood-feeding parasite, with the parasite gut being dominated byAeromonasand, to a lesser extent,CitrobacterandShewanella. Phylogenetic analysis of the culturableAeromonasfrom both the larval and parasitic gut revealed that at least five distinct species were represented. Phenotypic characterization of these isolates revealed that over half were capable of sheep red blood cell hemolysis, but all were capable of trout red blood cell hemolysis. This suggests that the enrichment ofAeromonasthat accompanies metamorphosis is likely related to the sanguivorous lifestyle of the parasitic sea lamprey.

scholarly journals Surface model of the human red blood cell simulating changes in membrane curvature under strain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Kuchel ◽  
Charles D. Cox ◽  
Daniel Daners ◽  
Dmitry Shishmarev ◽  
Petrik Galvosas
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Membrane Curvature ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Principal Curvatures ◽  
Quartic Equation ◽  
Shape Changes

Abstract The highly deformable red blood cell (erythrocyte; RBC) responds to mechanically imposed shape changes with enhanced glycolytic flux and cation transport. Such morphological changes are produced experimentally by suspending the cells in a gelatin gel, which is then elongated or compressed in a special apparatus inside an NMR spectrometer. However, direct mathematical predictions of the shapes of the morphed cells have not been reported before. We used recently available functions in Mathematica to triangularize and then compute four types of curvature. The RBCs were described by a previously presented quartic equation in three dimensional (3D) Cartesian space. A key finding was the extent to which the maximum and minimum Principal Curvatures were localized symmetrically in patches at the poles or equators and distributed in rings around the main axis of the strained RBC. The simulations, on the nano-metre to micro-meter scale of curvature, suggest activation of only a subset of the intrinsic mechanosensitive cation channels, Piezo1, during experiments carried out with controlled distortions that persist for many hours. This view is consistent with a recent proposal for non-uniform distribution of Piezo1 molecules around the RBC membrane. On the other hand, if the curvature that gates Piezo1 is at a much finer length scale, then membrane tension will determine local curvature and micron scale curvature as described here will be less likely to influence Piezo1 activity. The geometrical reorganization of the simulated cytoskeleton helps understanding of the concerted metabolic and cation-flux responses of the RBC to mechanically imposed shape changes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Haemolytic and Morphological Changes in Red Blood Cell on Administration of Lachesis Muta 30, 200 and 1M in - Vitro Study

2020 ◽  
Vol I (2) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Usha Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Lachesis Muta

Snake venom has haemolytic action on the blood and reduces the power of its coagulability, with the result that a bloody serum continue to oozes out from wound for many hours.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation-Dependent Assembly of a 14-3-3 Mediated Signaling Complex during Red Blood Cell Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal R. More ◽  
Inderjeet Kaur ◽  
Quentin Giai Gianetto ◽  
Brandon M. Invergo ◽  
Thibault Chaze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Multiprotein Complex ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Low K

ABSTRACT Red blood cell (RBC) invasion by Plasmodium merozoites requires multiple steps that are regulated by signaling pathways. Exposure of P. falciparum merozoites to the physiological signal of low K+, as found in blood plasma, leads to a rise in cytosolic Ca2+, which mediates microneme secretion, motility, and invasion. We have used global phosphoproteomic analysis of merozoites to identify signaling pathways that are activated during invasion. Using quantitative phosphoproteomics, we found 394 protein phosphorylation site changes in merozoites subjected to different ionic environments (high K+/low K+), 143 of which were Ca2+ dependent. These included a number of signaling proteins such as catalytic and regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PfPKAc and PfPKAr) and calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1). Proteins of the 14-3-3 family interact with phosphorylated target proteins to assemble signaling complexes. Here, using coimmunoprecipitation and gel filtration chromatography, we demonstrate that Pf14-3-3I binds phosphorylated PfPKAr and PfCDPK1 to mediate the assembly of a multiprotein complex in P. falciparum merozoites. A phospho-peptide, P1, based on the Ca2+-dependent phosphosites of PKAr, binds Pf14-3-3I and disrupts assembly of the Pf14-3-3I-mediated multiprotein complex. Disruption of the multiprotein complex with P1 inhibits microneme secretion and RBC invasion. This study thus identifies a novel signaling complex that plays a key role in merozoite invasion of RBCs. Disruption of this signaling complex could serve as a novel approach to inhibit blood-stage growth of malaria parasites. IMPORTANCE Invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites is a complex process that is regulated by intricate signaling pathways. Here, we used phosphoproteomic profiling to identify the key proteins involved in signaling events during invasion. We found changes in the phosphorylation of various merozoite proteins, including multiple kinases previously implicated in the process of invasion. We also found that a phosphorylation-dependent multiprotein complex including signaling kinases assembles during the process of invasion. Disruption of this multiprotein complex impairs merozoite invasion of RBCs, providing a novel approach for the development of inhibitors to block the growth of blood-stage malaria parasites.

scholarly journals Detection of Intracellular Parasites by Use of the CellaVision DM96 Analyzer during Routine Screening of Peripheral Blood Smears

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori D. Racsa ◽  
Rita M. Gander ◽  
Paul M. Southern ◽  
Erin McElvania TeKippe ◽  
Christopher Doern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Blood Cell Morphology ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smears

Conventional microscopy is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. The CellaVision DM96 is a digital hematology analyzer that utilizes neural networks to locate, digitize, and preclassify leukocytes and characterize red blood cell morphology. This study compared the detection rates ofPlasmodiumandBabesiaspecies on peripheral blood smears utilizing the CellaVision DM96 with the rates for a routine red blood cell morphology scan. A total of 281 slides were analyzed, consisting of 130 slides positive forPlasmodiumorBabesiaspecies and 151 negative controls. Slides were blinded, randomized, and analyzed by CellaVision and microscopy for red cell morphology scans. The technologists were blinded to prior identification results. The parasite detection rate was 73% (95/130) for CellaVision and 81% (105/130) for microscopy for positive samples. The interobserver agreement between CellaVision and microscopy was fair, as Cohen's kappa coefficient equaled 0.36. Pathologist review of CellaVision images identified an additional 15 slides with parasites, bringing the total number of detectable positive slides to 110 of 130 (85%).Plasmodium ovalehad the lowest rate of detection at 56% (5 of 9);Plasmodium malariaeandBabesiaspp. had the highest rate of detection at 100% (3/3 and 6/6, respectively). The detection rate by CellaVision was 100% (23/23) when the parasitemia was ≥2.5%. The detection rate for <0.1% parasitemia was 63% (15/24). Technologists appropriately classified all negative specimens. The percentage of positive specimens detectable by CellaVision (73%) approaches results for microscopy on routine scan of peripheral blood smears for red blood cell morphology.

Morphological Changes of Babesia gibsoni Grown in Canine Red Blood Cell-Substituted Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Fukumoto ◽  
Xuenan Xuan ◽  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Shoufa Zhang ◽  
Jennifer Mugisha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency ◽  
Babesia Gibsoni ◽  
Combined Immune Deficiency

scholarly journals Surface model of the human red blood cell simulating changes in membrane curvature under strain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Kuchel ◽  
Charles D. Cox ◽  
Daniel Daners ◽  
Dmitry Shishmarev ◽  
Petrik Galvosas
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Membrane Curvature ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Principal Curvatures ◽  
Quartic Equation ◽  
Shape Changes

AbstractWe present mathematical simulations of shapes of red blood cells (RBCs) and their cytoskeleton when they are subjected to linear strain. The cell surface is described by a previously reported quartic equation in three dimensional (3D) Cartesian space. Using recently available functions in Mathematica to triangularize the surfaces we computed four types of curvature of the membrane. We also mapped changes in mesh-triangle area and curvatures as the RBCs were distorted. The highly deformable red blood cell (erythrocyte; RBC) responds to mechanically imposed shape changes with enhanced glycolytic flux and cation transport. Such morphological changes are produced experimentally by suspending the cells in a gelatin gel, which is then elongated or compressed in a custom apparatus inside an NMR spectrometer. A key observation is the extent to which the maximum and minimum Principal Curvatures are localized symmetrically in patches at the poles or equators and distributed in rings around the main axis of the strained RBC. Changes on the nanometre to micro-meter scale of curvature, suggest activation of only a subset of the intrinsic mechanosensitive cation channels, Piezo1, during experiments carried out with controlled distortions, which persist for many hours. This finding is relevant to a proposal for non-uniform distribution of Piezo1 molecules around the RBC membrane. However, if the curvature that gates Piezo1 is at a very fine length scale, then membrane tension will determine local curvature; so, curvatures as computed here (in contrast to much finer surface irregularities) may not influence Piezo1 activity. Nevertheless, our analytical methods can be extended address these new mechanistic proposals. The geometrical reorganization of the simulated cytoskeleton informs ideas about the mechanism of concerted metabolic and cation-flux responses of the RBC to mechanically imposed shape changes.

scholarly journals IN VITRO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD OF THE SEA LAMPREY (PETROMYZON MARINUS)

1992 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ferguson ◽  
N. Sehdev ◽  
B. Bagatto ◽  
B. L. Tufts
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Dissociation Curves

In vitro experiments were carried out to examine the interactions between oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood of the sea lamprey. Oxygen dissociation curves for whole blood obtained from quiescent lampreys had Hill numbers (nH) ranging from 1.52 to 1.89. The Bohr coefficient for whole blood was -0.17 when extracellular pH (pHe) was considered, but was much greater (-0.63) when red blood cell pH (pHi) was considered. The pHi was largely dependent on haemoglobin oxygen- saturation (SO2) and the pH gradient across the red blood cell membrane was often reversed when PCO2 was increased and/or SO2 was lowered. The magnitude of the increase in pHi associated with the Haldane effect ranged from 0.169 pH units at 2.9 kPa PCO2 to 0.453 pH units at a PCO2 of 0.2 kPa. Deoxygenated red blood cells had a much greater total CO2 concentration (CCO2) than oxygenated red blood cells, but the nonbicarbonate buffer value for the red blood cells was unaffected by oxygenation. Plasma CCO2 was not significantly different under oxygenated or deoxygenated conditions. Partitioning of CO2 carriage in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood supports recent in vivo observations that red blood cell CO2 carriage can account for much of the CCO2 difference between arterial and venous blood. Together, the results also suggest that oxygen and carbon dioxide transport may not be tightly coupled in the blood of these primitive vertebrates. Finally, red cell sodium concentrations were dependent on oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the blood, suggesting that sodium-dependent ion transport processes may contribute to the unique strategy for gas transport in sea lamprey blood.

scholarly journals CORRELATION OF PERIPHERAL SMEARS FINDINGS WITH RBC INDICES AND RBC HISTOGRAM IN DIAGNOSIS OF ANAEMIA IN PREGNANT FEMALES.

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
Preethi. M ◽  
Ashraf A.Z ◽  
A.S. Anand ◽  
Yaranal P.J
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Smear ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Rbc Indices

Background: Red Blood Cell (RBC) histogram is a graphic representation of particle size distribution (cell frequencies verses size). RBC histogram with complete blood cell counts by automated analyser provides an idea about morphological changes of red blood cells in anaemias. Peripheral smear examination (PBS) helps in diagnosing different types of anaemias by visualizing abnormal shape and size, arrangement and immature red cells. This study was intended to analyze various types of anemia in pregnant women and to correlate RBC indices, RBC histogram with peripheral smear. Aims and Objectives: 1) To Correlate RBC indices, RBC histogram with peripheral smear in anemic pregnant women. 2) To categorize the type of anemia based on RBC indices, histogram and peripheral smear. Materials and Methods: Venous blood sample was run in SYSMEX XNL/350 six-part analyser. The haematological investigations of CBC, red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) and RBC histogram were obtained by analyser. Peripheral blood smear study was performed. Results: The present study included 55 cases among which in decreasing order of frequency, NNA (50.9%) was more common followed by MHA (40%), macrocytic anaemia (3.63%) and dimorphic anaemia (5.45%), as categorized by peripheral smear examination. Analysis by erythrocyte indices and histogram showed similar findings except in normocytic, microcytic and dimorphic which were 13.63%, 32.14% and 1.8% respectively. The correlation was done between the diagnosis made by the two methods which showed 76% concordance and discordance of 23.63%. Conclusion: Findings of the present study shows automated analyzer correlated well with PBS in cases of macrocytic and dimorphic anemia, compared to normocytic normochromic and microcytic hypochromic anaemia. As, RBC histogram with RBC indices and PBS are supplementary to each other, both should be used in conjunction for accurate diagnosis.

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