scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic and Phenotypic Analysis of the Responses of Bacillus cereus to Various Disinfectant Treatments

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 3352-3360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Ceragioli ◽  
Maarten Mols ◽  
Roy Moezelaar ◽  
Emilia Ghelardi ◽  
Sonia Senesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Sos Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Induced Genes

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial chemicals are widely applied to clean and disinfect food-contacting surfaces. However, the cellular response of bacteria to various disinfectants is unclear. In this study, the physiological and genome-wide transcriptional responses of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 exposed to four different disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid) were analyzed. For each disinfectant, concentrations leading to the attenuation of growth, growth arrest, and cell death were determined. The transcriptome analysis revealed that B. cereus, upon exposure to the selected concentrations of disinfectants, induced common and specific responses. Notably, the common response included genes involved in the general and oxidative stress responses. Exposure to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant known to induce membrane damage, specifically induced genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Membrane damage induced by benzalkonium chloride was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, and fatty acid analysis revealed modulation of the fatty acid composition of the cell membrane. Exposure to sodium hypochlorite induced genes involved in metabolism of sulfur and sulfur-containing amino acids, which correlated with the excessive oxidation of sulfhydryl groups observed in sodium hypochlorite-stressed cells. Exposures to hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid induced highly similar responses, including the upregulation of genes involved in DNA damage repair and SOS response. Notably, hydrogen peroxide- and peracetic acid-treated cells exhibited high mutation rates correlating with the induced SOS response.

Evaluation of a Sporicidal Peracetic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide–Based Daily Disinfectant Cleaner

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1414-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Deshpande ◽  
Thriveen S. C. Mana ◽  
Jennifer L. Cadnum ◽  
Annette C. Jencson ◽  
Brett Sitzlar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Infect Control Hosp ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

OxyCide Daily Disinfectant Cleaner, a novel peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide–based sporicidal disinfectant, was as effective as sodium hypochlorite for in vitro killing of Clostridium difficile spores, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomcyin-resistant enterococci. OxyCide was minimally affected by organic load and was effective in reducing pathogen contamination in isolation roomsInfect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1414–1416

scholarly journals Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Liquid Disinfectants on Contaminated Surfaces before Formation of Biofilms

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1415-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Luis Sagripanti ◽  
Aylin Bonifacino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Quantitative Test ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
One Step ◽  
Respective Product

Abstract A comparison was made of the effectiveness of popular disinfectants (Cavicide, Cidexplus, Clorox, Exspor, Lysol, Renalin, and Wavicide) under conditions prescribed for disinfection in the respective product labels on Pseudomonas aeruginosa either in suspension or deposited onto surfaces of metallic or polymeric plastic devices. The testing also included 7 nonformulated germicidal agents (glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, phenol, and cupric ascorbate) commonly used in disinfection and decontamination. Results showed that P. aeruginosa is on average 300-fold more resistant when present on contaminated surfaces than in suspension. This increase in resistance agrees with results reported in studies of biofilms, but unexpectedly, it precedes biofilm formation. The surface to which bacteria are attached can influence the effectiveness of disinfectants. Viable bacteria attached to devices may require dislodging through more than a one-step method for detection. The data, obtained with a sensitive and quantitative test, suggest that disinfectants are less effective on contaminated surfaces than generally acknowledged.

Interspecies Interactions in Dual-Species Biofilms Formed by Psychrotrophic Bacteria and the Tolerance of Sessile Communities to Disinfectants

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEI YUAN ◽  
NI WANG ◽  
FAIZAN A. SADIQ ◽  
GUOQING HE
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Interspecies Interactions ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Psychrotrophic Bacteria

ABSTRACT Biofilms on the surface of food processing equipment act as potential reservoirs of microbial contamination. Bacterial interactions are believed to play key roles in both biofilm formation and antimicrobial tolerance. In this study, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium oncorhynchi, and Pseudomonas libanensis, which were previously isolated from Chinese raw milk samples, were selected to establish two dual-species biofilm models (P. libanensis plus A. hydrophila and P. libanensis plus C. oncorhynchi) on stainless steel at 7°C. Subsequently, three disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide (100 ppm), peracetic acid (100 ppm), and sodium hypochlorite (100 ppm), were used to treat the developed sessile communities for 10 min. Structural changes after exposure to disinfectants were analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cell numbers of both A. hydrophila and C. oncorhynchi recovered from surfaces increased when grown as dual species biofilms with P. libanensis. Dual-species biofilms were more tolerant of disinfectants than were each single-species biofilm. Peracetic acid was the most effective disinfectant for removing biofilms, followed by hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. The results expand the knowledge of mixed-species biofilms formed by psychrotrophic bacteria and will be helpful for developing effective strategies to eliminate bacterial mixed-species biofilms. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Biocides on the Viable Masses and Matrices of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 3135-3142 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Toté ◽  
T. Horemans ◽  
D. Vanden Berghe ◽  
L. Maes ◽  
P. Cos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Antibiofilm Agents

ABSTRACT Bacteria and matrix are essential for the development of biofilms, and assays should therefore target both components. The current European guidelines for biocidal efficacy testing are not adequate for sessile microorganisms; hence, alternative discriminatory test protocols should be used. The activities of a broad range of biocides on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were evaluated using such in vitro assays. Nearly all selected biocides showed a significant decrease in S. aureus biofilm viability, with sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid as the most active biocides. Only hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite showed some inhibitory effect on the matrix. Treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilms was roughly comparable to that of S. aureus biofilms. Peracetic acid was the most active on viable mass within 1 min of contact. Isopropanol ensured a greater than 99.999% reduction of P. aeruginosa viability after at least 30 min of contact. Comparable to results with S. aureus, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide markedly reduced the P. aeruginosa matrix. This study clearly demonstrated that despite their aspecific mechanisms of action, most biocides were active only against biofilm bacteria, leaving the matrix undisturbed. Only hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite were active on both the biofilm matrix and the viable mass, making them the better antibiofilm agents. In addition, this study emphasizes the need for updated and standardized guidelines for biofilm susceptibility testing of biocides.

scholarly journals Exploring the potential synergistic effects of chemical disinfectants and UV on the inactivation of free-living bacteria and treatment of biofilms in a pilot-scale system

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vankerckhoven ◽  
B. Verbessem ◽  
S. Crauwels ◽  
P. Declerck ◽  
K. Muylaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Living Bacteria

The main objective of this study is to explore possible synergistic or additive effects of combinations of chemical disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide) and UV in their efficacy in inactivating free-living bacteria and removing biofilms. In contrast to most studies, this study examines disinfection of municipal water in a pilot-scale system using a mixed bacterial suspension, which enables a better simulation of the conditions encountered in actual industrial environments. It was shown that the combination of either hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, or chlorine dioxide with UV yielded additive effects on the inactivation of free-living bacteria. Actual synergy was observed for the combination of UV and 5 ppm hydrogen peroxide. Regarding biofilm treatment, additive effects were observed using the combination of hydrogen peroxide and UV. The promising results obtained in this study indicate that the combination of UV and chemical disinfectants can considerably reduce the amount of chemicals required for the effective disinfection and treatment of biofilms.

scholarly journals Effect of different conditions on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation and removal

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Russo ◽  
Agni Hadjilouka ◽  
Luciano Beneduce ◽  
Vittorio Capozzi ◽  
Spiros Paramithiotis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Hydrophilic Surfaces ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Process Line

Listeria monocytogenes poses a major risk for the safety of food products due to the ability to persist in food products and process line surfaces as biofilm. In this work, we investigated the L. monocytogenes biofilms in relation to development factors and possible control under different conditions. In particular, the ability of six strains of L. monocytogenes from vegetable and animal sources to form biofilms was evaluated on glass or polystyrene substrates under different temperatures (15, 30 and 37°C) and availability of nutrients, by using rich (BHI) or poor (HTM) growth media. Moreover, the effectiveness of three commonly used sanitizers (benzalkonium chloride, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide) was compared to eradicate established biofilms. Our results showed that starved conditions, hydrophilic surfaces, and high temperatures increased the L. monocytogenes ability to produce biofilms. In general, benzalkonium chloride was the most effective chemical to remove established biofilms.

scholarly journals Effects of Salt and Serum on the Sporicidal Activity of Liquid Disinfectants

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose-Luis Sagripanti ◽  
Aylin Bonifacino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Regression Coefficient ◽  
Equivalent Amount ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Aldehyde Groups

Abstract This study compares the effects of various concentrations of salt or serum in the killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by either glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, cupric ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, or phenol. Salt affected only glutaraldehyde, its sporicidal activity increasing with an increase in concentration of sodium bicarbonate or sodium chloride. The sporicidal activity of glutaraldehyde was minimal when the concentrations of aldehyde groups and lysine residues from protein were similar. We present an equation describing the effect of serum on spore survival as a function of glutaraldehyde concentration that fits the data with a regression coefficient of 0.9. Cupric ascorbate and peracetic acid were inhibited by serum, but this effect was linked to a rise in pH. Sodium hypochlorite was the agent most sensitive to protein, with its sporicidal activity nearly disappearing in the presence of 2% serum or an equivalent amount of purified protein.

scholarly journals Efficacy of environmental friendly disinfectants against the major postharvest pathogens of stone fruits on plastic and wood surfaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
M Bernat ◽  
C Casals ◽  
N Teixidò ◽  
R Torres ◽  
BC Carballo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Wood Surfaces

Disinfection of surface facilities during postharvest handling operation is an important practice to avoid secondary fruit infections at stone fruit packinghouses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of six environmental friendly disinfectants against Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus spp., and Alternaria spp. on plastic and wood surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, Mico-E-pro®, Proallium FRD-N®, and DMC Clean-CNS® were used as the disinfectants. Untreated and surfaces treated with water were used as controls. Plastic and wood surfaces were sampled with Rodac plates at 2 and 24 h after treatments and the number of colonies were counted. In general, all disinfectants reduce the number of viable conidia from all studied surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide used in a concentration of 150 mg L−1 was the less effective disinfectant in all studied pathogens. The commercial product Mico-E-pro® composed of oregano, onion, and orange extract at a dose of 10 mg L−1 was the most effective disinfectant. Rhizopus spp. was the pathogen more resistant to the disinfectants followed by P. expansum, M. fructicola, and Alternaria spp. Water decreased the number of conidia adhered to the surface. In addition, the untreated control showed substantial conidia reduction after 24 h of artificial inoculation.

Susceptibilities of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Avirulent Bacillus anthracis Spores to Liquid Biocides†

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HILGREN ◽  
K. M. J. SWANSON ◽  
F. DIEZ-GONZALEZ ◽  
B. CORDS
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Fatty Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Peroxyacetic Acid ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis Spores

The susceptibility of spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and avirulent Bacillus anthracis to treatment with hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, a peroxy–fatty acid mixture, sodium hypochlorite, and acidified sodium chlorite was investigated. Results indicated that B. cereus spores may be reasonable predictors of B. anthracis spore inactivation by peroxyacetic acid–based biocides. However, B. cereus was not a reliable predictor of B. anthracis inactivation by the other biocides. In studies comparing B. cereus and B. subtilis, B. cereus spores were more resistant (by 1.5 to 2.5 log CFU) than B. subtilis spores to peroxyacetic acid, the peroxy–fatty acid mixture, and acidified sodium chlorite. Conversely, B. subtilis spores were more resistant than B. cereus spores to hydrogen peroxide. These findings indicated the relevance of side-by-side testing of target organisms and potential surrogates against categories of biocides to determine whether both have similar properties and to validate the use of the surrogate microorganisms.

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