Impact of the Use of β-Lactam Antimicrobials on the Emergence of Escherichia coli Isolates Resistant to Cephalosporins under Standard Pig-Rearing Conditions

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate if the treatments with ceftiofur and amoxicillin are risk factors for the emergence of cephalosporin resistant (CR)E. coliin a pig farm during the rearing period. One hundred 7-day-old piglets were divided into two groups, a control (n= 50) group and a group parenterally treated with ceftiofur (n= 50). During the fattening period, both groups were subdivided in two. A second treatment with amoxicillin was administered in feed to two of the four groups, as follows: group 1 (untreated,n= 20), group 2 (treated with amoxicillin,n= 26), group 3 (treated with ceftiofur,n= 20), and group 4 (treated with ceftiofur and amoxicillin,n= 26). During treatment with ceftiofur, fecal samples were collected before treatment (day 0) and at days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 42 posttreatment, whereas with amoxicillin, the sampling was extended 73 days posttreatment. CRE. colibacteria were selected on MacConkey agar with ceftriaxone (1 mg/liter). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), MICs of 14 antimicrobials, the presence of cephalosporin resistance genes, and replicon typing of plasmids were analyzed. Both treatments generated an increase in the prevalence of CRE. coli, which was statistically significant in the treated groups. Resistance diminished after treatment. A total of 47 CRE. coliisolates were recovered during the study period; of these, 15 containedblaCTX-M-1, 10 containedblaCTX-M-14, 4 containedblaCTX-M-9, 2 containedblaCTX-M-15, and 5 containedblaSHV-12. The treatment with ceftiofur and amoxicillin was associated with the emergence of CRE. coliduring the course of the treatment. However, by the time of finishing, CRE. colibacteria were not recovered from the animals.

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Results of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in ventriculostomy and shunting procedures

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1985.62.5.0694 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 694-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Göran C. Blomstedt

Keyword(s):

Placebo Group ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Group 14 ◽

Content Type ◽

Group 4 ◽

Antibiotic Group ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

To Receive ◽

Group 1

✓ The author reports the results of a study to assess the effectiveness of a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination as prophylaxis in ventriculostomy or shunting operations. Between 1980 and 1983, 122 patients undergoing shunting procedures were randomly assigned to receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Group 1, 62 cases) or a placebo (Group 2, 60 cases). The same regimen was followed at each operation, and the patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months. There was a higher infection rate in the placebo group (14 of 60 patients compared with 4 of 62 patients in the antibiotic group, p < 0.01). The antibiotic protected against early infections (nine of the 60 patients in Group 2 against none of the patients in Group 1), but not against late infections (four of the 62 in Group 1 compared with five of the 60 in Group 2). During the same period, 52 patients undergoing ventriculostomy only were also randomly assigned to receive trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Group 3) or placebo (Group 4). There were no differences in the infection rates between these groups (one of 25 in Group 3 as against one of 27 in Group 4).

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The role of an herbal agent in treatment for Escherichia coli induced bacterial cyctitis in rats

Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia ◽

10.4081/aiua.2017.2.134 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Murat Tuken ◽

Mustafa Zafer Temiz ◽

Emrah Yuruk ◽

Asuman Orcun Kaptanagasi ◽

Kayhan Basak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Term Treatment ◽

E Coli ◽

Group 4 ◽

Long Term Treatment ◽

Histopathological Evaluation ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the herbal agent in the prevention and treatment of bacterial cystitis in a rat model. Material and Methods: A total of twenty-eight male Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group-1 constituted the control group (operated and normal saline injected into the bladder, received only drinking water for 7 days); Group-2 constituted the no-treatment group (operated, E.coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received only drinking water for 7 days); Group-3 constituted the short-term treatment (operated, E.coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received the herbal agent added into drinking water for 7 days) and Group-4 constituted the long-term treatment (operated, E. coli J96 strain injected into the bladder, received herbal agent added into drinking water for 14 days). At the end of the pre-defined treatment periods of duration, the rats were sacrificed, urine samples collected from the bladder for culture and bladders were harvested for histopathological evaluation. Urine culture results and histopathological findings were comparatively evaluated between the groups. Results: Urine cultures were positive for implanted E. coli strains in 0%, 85.7%, 42.8% and 0% of rats in Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4, respectively (p = 0.001). Although histopathological evaluation revealed increased vascular dilation in the bladder specimens obtained from Group 2 and Group 3 (p = 0.028) no significant difference was noticed in level of inflammation (p = 0.610), edema (p = 0.754) and thickness of uroepithelium (p = 0.138). Conclusion: While long term (14 days) treatment with an herbal agent added into the drinking water resulted in complete clearance of urine from E. coli; shorter application of the agent revealed partial clearance. Further clinical studies are needed to support our results.

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Development of microbiota in the large intestine of newborns depending on various delivery methods

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped5322-29 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 22-29

Author(s):

Yuliya Lazarevna Naboka ◽

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Rymashevskiy ◽

Eteri Goneriyevna Svirava ◽

Larisa Ivanovna Vasilyeva ◽

Lidiya Yeliseyevna Bragina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Intestine ◽

Delivery Method ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

E Coli ◽

Group 4 ◽

Preg Nancy ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Corynebacterium Sp ◽

Group 1

We have examined 96 conditionally healthy primigravidae and 96 newborns. Group 1 (n = 51): gravidae with normal course of preg-nancy and delivery, group 2 (n = 45): gravidae with normal course of pregnancy and deliveries by caesarian section (indications for the operation - severe myopia), group 3 (n = 51): newborns from gravidae of group 1, group 4 (n = 45): newborns from gravidae of group 2. Purpose: study of the development of microbiota in the large intestine of newborns depending on various delivery methods. Enterococcus sp. (58,2 %), S. epidermidis (55,7 %), Corynebacterium sp. (53,1 %), E. coli (41,7 %) dominated in meconium microbiota. By the day 5 in group 3 we registered more frequently (p < 0,05) Bifidobacterium sp., Corynebacterium sp., E. coli, in group 4 - Klebsiella sp. Independently from the delivery method, by day 5 we observed in the feces of newborns increased (р < 0,5) content of Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., E. coli, Enterococcus sp., and S. aureus.

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The surgical treatment of painful traumatic neuromas

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1993.78.5.0714 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 714-719 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Kim J. Burchiel ◽

Timothy J. Johans ◽

Jose Ochoa

Keyword(s):

Pain Relief ◽

Nerve Blocks ◽

Content Type ◽

Traumatic Neuroma ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

External Neurolysis ◽

Fine Print ◽

Group 1

✓ Pain following suspected nerve injury was comprehensively evaluated with detailed examination including history', neurological evaluation, electrodiagnostic studies, quantitative sensory testing, thermography, anesthetic agents, and sympathetic nerve blocks. Forty-two surgically treated patients fell into four discrete groups: Group 1 patients had distal sensory neuromas treated by excision of the neuroma and reimplantation of the proximal nerve into muscle or bone marrow; Group 2 patients had suspected distal sensory neuromas in which the involved nerve was sectioned proximal to the injury site and reimplanted; Group 3 patients had proximal in-continuity neuromas of major sensorimotor nerves treated by external neurolysis; and Group 4 patients had proximal major sensorimotor nerve injuries at points of anatomical entrapment treated by external neurolysis and transposition, if possible. Patient follow-up monitoring from 2 to 32 months (average 11 months) was possible in 40 (95%) of 42 patients. Surgical success was defined as 50% or greater improvement in pain using the Visual Analog Scale or pain relief subjectively rated as either good or excellent, without postoperative narcotic usage. Overall, 16 (40%) of 40 patients met those criteria. Success rates varied as follows: 44% in 18 Group 1 patients, 40% in 10 Group 2 patients, 0% in five Group 3 patients, and 57% in seven Group 4 patients. Twelve (30%) of 40 patients were employed both pre- and postoperatively. It is concluded that: 1) neuroma excision, neurectomy, and nerve release for injury-related pain of peripheral nerve origin yield substantial subjective improvement in a minority of patients; 2) external neurolysis of proximal mixed nerves is ineffective in relieving pain; 3) surgically proving the existence of a neuroma with confirmed excision may be preferable; 4) traumatic neuroma pain is only partly due to a peripheral source; 5) demographic and neurological variables do not predict success; 6) the presence of a discrete nerve syndrome and mechanical hyperalgesia modestly predict pain relief; 7) ongoing litigation is the strongest predictor of failure; and 8) change in work status is not a likely outcome.

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Testing the radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation score and the modified Spetzler—Martin grading system to predict radiosurgical outcome

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2005.103.4.0642 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 642-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Yuri M. Andrade-Souza ◽

Gelareh Zadeh ◽

Meera Ramani ◽

Daryl Scora ◽

May N. Tsao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arteriovenous Malformation ◽

Grading System ◽

Chi Square ◽

Content Type ◽

Group 4 ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Fine Print ◽

Group 1

Object. The aim of this study was to validate the radiosurgery-based arteriovenous malformation (AVM) score and the modified Spetzler—Martin grading system to predict radiosurgical outcome. Methods. One hundred thirty-six patients with brain AVMs were randomly selected. These patients had undergone a linear accelerator radiosurgical procedure at a single center between 1989 and 2000. Patients were divided into four groups according to an AVM score, which was calculated from the lesion volume, lesion location, and patient age (Group 1, AVM score < 1; Group 2, AVM score 1–1.49; Group 3, AVM score 1.5–2; and Group 4, AVM score > 2). Patients with a Spetzler—Martin Grade III AVM were divided into Grades IIIA (lesion > 3 cm) and IIIB (lesion < 3 cm). Sixty-two female (45.6%) and 74 male (54.4%) patients with a median age of 37.5 years (mean 37.5 years, range 5–77 years) were followed up for a median of 40 months. The median tumor margin dose was 15 Gy (mean 17.23 Gy, range 15–25 Gy). The proportions of excellent outcomes according to the AVM score were as follows: 91.7% for Group 1, 74.1% for Group 2, 60% for Group 3, and 33.3% for Group 4 (chi-square test, degrees of freedom (df) = 3, p < 0.001). Based on the modified Spetzler—Martin system, Grade I lesions had 88.9% excellent results; Grade II, 69.6%; Grade IIIB, 61.5%; and Grades IIIA and IV, 44.8% (chi-square test, df = 3, p = 0.047). Conclusions. The radiosurgery-based AVM score can be used accurately to predict excellent results following a single radiosurgical treatment for AVM. The modified Spetzler—Martin system can also predict radiosurgical results for AVMs, thus making it possible to use this system while deciding between surgery and radiosurgery.

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In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 281-284

Author(s):

Atıf Yolgosteren ◽

Gencehan Kumtepe ◽

Melda Payaslioglu ◽

Cuneyt Ozakin

Keyword(s):

Vascular Graft ◽

Graft Infection ◽

Vascular Graft Infection ◽

Group 4 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽

Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

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Does Perioperative Hemoglobin A1c Level Affect the Incidence, Pattern and Mortality of Lower Extremity Amputation?

Current Vascular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570161116666180123112529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 354-364

Author(s):

Hassan Al-Thani ◽

Moamena El-Matbouly ◽

Maryam Al-Sulaiti ◽

Noora Al-Thani ◽

Mohammad Asim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycemic Control ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Lower Extremity Amputation ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Extremity Amputation ◽

Group 1

Background: We hypothesized that perioperative HbA1c influenced the pattern and outcomes of Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted for all patients who underwent LEA between 2000 and 2013. Patients were categorized into 5 groups according to their perioperative HbA1c values [Group 1 (<6.5%), Group 2 (6.5-7.4%), Group 3 (7.5-8.4%), Group 4 (8.5-9.4%) and Group 5 (≥9.5%)]. We identified 848 patients with LEA; perioperative HbA1c levels were available in 547 cases (Group 1: 18.8%, Group 2: 17.7%, Group 3: 15.0%, Group 4: 13.5% and Group 5: 34.9%). Major amputation was performed in 35%, 32%, 22%, 10.8% and 13.6%, respectively. Results: The overall mortality was 36.5%; of that one quarter occurred during the index hospitalization. Mortality was higher in Group 1 (57.4%) compared with Groups 2-5 (46.9%, 38.3%, 36.1% and 31.2%, respectively, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that poor glycemic control (Group 4 and 5) had lower risk of mortality post-LEA [hazard ratio 0.57 (95% CI 0.35-0.93) and hazard ratio 0.46 (95% CI 0.31-0.69)]; this mortality risk persisted even after adjustment for age and sex but was statistically insignificant. The rate of LEA was greater among poor glycemic control patients; however, the mortality was higher among patients with tight control. Conclusion: The effects of HbA1c on the immediate and long-term LEA outcomes and its therapeutic implications need further investigation.

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Association between cervical disc disease and lesions of multiple sclerosis

The Neuroradiology Journal ◽

10.1177/1971400920983565 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 197140092098356

Author(s):

Marwan Alkrenawi ◽

Michael Osherov ◽

Azaria Simonovich ◽

Jonathan Droujin ◽

Ron Milo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Cervical Disc ◽

Cervical Disc Disease ◽

Disc Disease ◽

Group 4 ◽

Demyelinating Lesions ◽

Grade Ii ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Background Cervical discopathy and demyelinating lesions often co-exist in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our study examines the possible association between these two pathologies. Methods Medical records and cervical magnetic resonance imaging scans of MS patients with cervical discopathy who were seen at our MS clinic during 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The severity of the disc disease was classified as grade I (no compression), grade II (compression of the dural sac) and grade III (cord compression). The spinal cord in each scan was divided into six segments corresponding to the intervertebral space of the spine (C1–C6). Each segment was defined as containing demyelinating lesion and disc pathology (group 1), demyelinating lesion without disc pathology (group 2), disc pathology without demyelinating lesion (group 3) and no demyelinating lesion or disc pathology (group 4). Fisher’s exact test was used to test the association between demyelinating lesions and disc pathology. Results Thirty-four MS patients with cervical discopathy were included in the study (26 females; average age 42.9 ± 13.7 years; average disease duration 8.4 ± 5.4 years). A total of 204 spinal cord segments were evaluated. Twenty-four segments were classified as group 1, 27 segments as group 2, 52 segments as group 3 and 101 segments as group 4. There was no association between demyelinating lesions and the grade of disc disease ( p = 0.1 for grade I, p = 0.3 for grade II and p = 1 for grade III disc disease). Conclusion Our study did not find any association between cervical disc disease and demyelinating spinal cord lesion.

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Association between serum oestradiol level on the hCG administration day and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET among 3659 singleton live births

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85692-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu Liu ◽

Jing Li ◽

Wanyu Zhang ◽

Yihong Guo

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Ovarian Stimulation ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 6 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 5 ◽

Group 2 ◽

The Impact ◽

Ivf Et ◽

Group 1

AbstractOestradiol, an important hormone in follicular development and endometrial receptivity, is closely related to clinical outcomes of fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. A supraphysiologic E2 level is inevitable during controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation (COH), and its effect on the outcome of IVF-ET is controversial. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the association between elevated serum oestradiol (E2) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) administration and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET cycles. The data of 3659 infertile patients with fresh IVF-ET cycles were analysed retrospectively between August 2009 and February 2017 in First Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Patients were categorized by serum E2 levels on the day of hCG administration into six groups: group 1 (serum E2 levels ≤ 1000 pg/mL, n = 230), group 2 (serum E2 levels between 1001 and 2000 pg/mL, n = 524), group 3 (serum E2 levels between 2001 and 3000 pg/mL, n = 783), group 4 (serum E2 levels between 3001 and 4000 pg/mL, n = 721), group 5 (serum E2 levels between 4001 and 5000 pg/mL, n = 548 ), and group 6 (serum E2 levels > 5000 pg/mL, n = 852). Univariate linear regression was used to evaluate the independent correlation between each factor and outcome index. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding factors. The LBW rates were as follows: 3.0% (group 1), 2.9% (group 2), 1.9% (group 3), 2.9% (group 4), 2.9% (group 5), and 2.0% (group 6) (P = 0.629), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of neonatal LBW among the six groups. We did not detect an association between peak serum E2 level during ovarian stimulation and neonatal birthweight after IVF-ET. The results of this retrospective cohort study showed that serum E2 peak levels during ovarian stimulation were not associated with birth weight during IVF cycles. In addition, no association was found between higher E2 levels and increased LBW risk. Our observations suggest that the hyper-oestrogenic milieu during COS does not seem to have adverse effects on the birthweight of offspring after IVF. Although this study provides some reference, the obstetric-related factors were not included due to historical reasons. The impact of the high estrogen environment during COS on the birth weight of IVF offspring still needs future research.

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Control of Vulval Competence and Centering in the Nematode Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/163.1.133 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 163 (1) ◽

pp. 133-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophie Louvet-Vallée ◽

Irina Kolotuev ◽

Benjamin Podbilewicz ◽

Marie-Anne Félix

Keyword(s):

Germ Line ◽

Specific Mechanism ◽

C Elegans ◽

Group 4 ◽

Cell Ablation ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

P Cells ◽

Large Category ◽

Group 1

Abstract To compare vulva development mechanisms in the nematode Oscheius sp. 1 to those known in Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed a genetic screen for vulva mutants in Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1. Here we present one large category of mutations that we call cov, which affect the specification of the Pn.p ventral epidermal cells along the antero-posterior axis. The Pn.p cells are numbered from 1 to 12 from anterior to posterior. In wild-type Oscheius sp. 1 CEW1, the P(4-8).p cells are competent to form the vulva and the progeny of P(5-7).p actually form the vulva, with the descendants of P6.p adopting a central vulval fate. Among the 17 mutations (defining 13 genes) that we characterize here, group 1 mutations completely or partially abolish P(4-8).p competence, and this correlates with early fusion of the Pn.p cells to the epidermal syncytium. In this group, we found a putative null mutation in the lin-39 HOM-C homolog, the associated phenotype of which could be weakly mimicked by injection of a morpholino against Osp1-lin-39 in the mother’s germ line. Using cell ablation in a partially penetrant competence mutant, we show that vulval competence is partially controlled by a gonadal signal. Most other mutants found in the screen display phenotypes unknown in C. elegans. Group 2 mutants show a partial penetrance of Pn.p competence loss and an abnormal centering of the vulva on P5.p, suggesting that these two processes are coregulated by the same pathway in Oscheius sp. 1. Group 3 mutants display an enlarged competence group that includes P3.p, thus demonstrating the existence of a specific mechanism inhibiting P3.p competence. Group 4 mutants display an abnormal centering of the vulval pattern on P7.p and suggest that a specific mechanism centers the vulval pattern on a single Pn.p cell.

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