scholarly journals Concentrations of Pathogens and Indicators in Animal Feces in the Sydney Watershed

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 5929-5934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cox ◽  
Merran Griffith ◽  
Mark Angles ◽  
Daniel Deere ◽  
Christobel Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Analysis ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Animal Feces ◽  
Sydney Australia

ABSTRACT A fecal analysis survey was undertaken to quantify animal inputs of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms in the temperate watersheds of Sydney, Australia. The feces from a range of domestic animals and wildlife were analyzed for the indicator bacteria fecal coliforms and Clostridium perfringens spores, the pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and the enteric viruses adenovirus, enterovirus, and reovirus. Pathogen and fecal indicator concentrations were generally higher in domestic animal feces than in wildlife feces. Future studies to quantify potential pathogen risks in drinking-water watersheds should thus focus on quantifying pathogen loads from domestic animals and livestock rather than wildlife.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

Optimization of Artificial Wetland Design for Removal of Indicator Microorganisms and Pathogenic Protozoa

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Gerba ◽  
J. A. Thurston ◽  
J. A. Falabi ◽  
P. M. Watt ◽  
M. M. Karpiscak
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Artificial Wetland ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
Duckweed Pond ◽  
Wetland Design

The enhancement of water quality by artificial wetland systems is increasingly being employed throughout the world. Three wetlands were studied in Tucson, AZ to evaluate their individual performance in the removal of indicator bacteria (coliforms), coliphage, and enteric pathogens (Giardia and Cryptosporidium). A duckweed-covered pond, a multi-species subsurface flow (SSF) and a multi-species surface flow (SF) wetland were studied. Removal of the larger microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was the greatest in the duckweed pond at 98 and 89 percent, respectively. The lowest removal occurred in the SF wetland, 73 percent for Giardia and 58 percent removal for Cryptosporidium. In contrast, the greatest removal of coliphage, total and fecal coliforms occurred in the SSF wetland, 95, 99, and 98 percent respectively, whereas the pond had the lowest removals (40, 62, and 61 percent, respectively). Sedimentation may be the primary removal mechanism within the duckweed pond since the removal was related to size, removal of the largest organisms being the greatest. However, the smaller microorganisms were removed more efficiently in the SSF wetland, which may be related to the large surface area available for adsorption and filtration. This study suggests that in order to achieve the highest treatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, a combination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flow wetlands may be necessary.

Marker genes of fecal indicator bacteria and potential pathogens in animal feces in subtropical catchments

2019 ◽  
Vol 656 ◽  
pp. 1427-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warish Ahmed ◽  
Christian O'Dea ◽  
Nicole Masters ◽  
Anna Kuballa ◽  
Oswald Marinoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Animal Feces

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Huyvaert ◽  
Robin Russell ◽  
Kelly Patyk ◽  
Meggan Craft ◽  
Paul Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
And Control

Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.

The relationship between three potential pathogens and pollution indicator organisms in Nova Scotian coastal waters

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
R. S. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Nova Scotian

Fifteen stations, in two estuaries, along the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia were examined between June and September 1981 for a relationship between the concentrations of commonly monitored fecal indicator bacteria and the potential pathogens Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Increased densities of these three organisms were usually associated with high densities of indicator bacteria. Whereas C. albicans and P. aeruginosa occur in human fecal wastes, V. parahaemolyticus is indigenous to the marine environment and positively responds to elevated nutrient levels in sewage. There is also some evidence that these bacteria survive as long or longer in marine waters than the common indicator bacteria. While membrane-filtration techniques for the enumeration of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa proved satisfactory, a V. parahaemolyticus membrane-filtration method lacked specificity and was supplemented by a most-probable-number method. In marine recreational and shellfish waters, these three organisms could complement fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as indicators of human fecal contamination.

scholarly journals A Tutela do Animal Doméstico no Âmbito das Constituições Federais Brasileiras de 1824 a 1988

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Nilsen Aparecida Vieira Marcondes
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
Exotic Animals ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Objetiva-se discutir neste breve intróito retrospectivo de revisão de normatizações constitucionais pátrias a tutela do animal doméstico. Esta síntese reflexiva sobre a tutela do animal doméstico brasileiro no âmbito constitucional se apresenta quanto à forma de abordagem do assunto, como qualitativo, no que tange a modalidade investigativa como básico, do ponto de vista de seus objetivos, como descritivo, com relação aos procedimentos técnicos, qualifica-se como documental e bibliográfico. Conclui-se que os delineamentos, os limites, bem como os avanços na conquista da tutela animal e consequentemente do animal doméstico demonstram o quanto o reconhecimento de tal questão é socialmente construído. Além disso, a expansão, a solidificação e o desenvolvimento contínuo também da vida humana e da sociedade implicam necessariamente na preservação e na ampliação de acesso um direito fundamental nominalmente reconhecido pela Constituição Federal de 1988 como direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado no qual se insere evidentemente a fauna, ou seja, os animais domésticos, domesticados, silvestres e exóticos. Palavras-chave: Animal Doméstico. Tutela. Constituições Federais. Brasil.  AbstractThe objective of this brief retrospective introjective review of constitutional norms is to discuss the protection of domestic animals. This reflexive synthesis about the protection of the Brazilian domestic animal in the constitutional scope presents itself as to the way of approaching the subject, as qualitative, in what refers to the research modality as basic, from the point of view of its objectives, as descriptive, with respect to the procedures technicians, qualifies as documentary and bibliographical. It is concluded that the delineations, the limits, as well as the advances in the conquest of the animal guardianship and consequently of the domestic animal demonstrate how much the recognition of such question is socially constructed. In addition, the expansion, solidification and continuous development of human life and society necessarily imply the preservation and expansion of access to a fundamental right nominally recognized by the Federal Constitution of 1988 as a right to an environmentally balanced environment in which the animal, domesticated, wild and exotic animals. Keywords: Domestic Animals. Guardianship. Federal Constitutions. Brasil.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of animal rabies in northern Greece and subsequent human exposure, October 2012 – March 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Tsiodras ◽  
G Dougas ◽  
A Baka ◽  
C Billinis ◽  
S Doudounakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
World Health ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Case ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Greece has been rabies-free since 1987 with no human cases since 1970. During 2012 to 2013, rabies has re-emerged in wild and domestic animals in northern Greece. By end March 2013, rabies was diagnosed in 17 animals including 14 red foxes, two shepherd dogs and one cat; 104 subsequent human exposures required post-exposure prophylaxis according to the World Health Organization criteria. Human exposures occurred within 50 km radius of a confirmed rabies case in a wild or domestic animal, and most frequently stray dogs were involved.

Optimization of coprological studies in animals with the use of homeopathic Nux vomica 6CH

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (47) ◽  
pp. 139-139
Author(s):  
Vladimir V Drozdov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The State ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Test Quality ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathology ◽  
Animal Feces

Background: Etiology of various gastrointestinal dysfunctions varies from infections and infestations to consequences of emotional stress and errors in animals’ nutrition. Taking this variability of etiology and pathogenesis into account, a lot depends not only on completeness of homeopathic history taking but also on the quality of laboratory studies. In our experience, coprology studies are especially complicated when persistent gastrointestinal disorders were preceded by massive use of allopathic remedies. This sometimes necessitates repeated examinations. That is why our interest in having reliable results and early detection of latent indigestion made us look for non-invasive methods which could be easy to use in animals but at the same time could reveal latent gastrointestinal pathology in animals. Aims: The study was aimed to determine the effect of a homeopathic medication Nux Vomica 6CH on detection of latent gastrointestinal pathology in small domestic animals. Method: Coprology studies were performed simultaneously with the use of sedimentation method and Fulleborn method (modification of Scherbovich). Infestations were diagnosed and characteristics of patient digestion were recorded. Feces test detected: 1. Presence of endoparasites (helminths, protozoa and yeast-like structures); 2. State of intestinal microflora (presence of different species and their balance with each other); 3. Degree of food absorbency (presence or lack of undigested protein, carbohydrates and fat); 4. Presence of inedible inclusions; 5. Presence of cells (lymphocytes, erythrocytes, intestinal epithelium, tumor fragments). If animal feces tests were non-informative, then all medications (except vitally important) were discontinued and Nux Vomica 6CH twice a day twenty minutes prior to food intake was prescribed for 6 days (4 globules dissolved in 10 ml of water). Results: 4500 coprology tests were performed during 3 years in cats and dogs. About 10% of the total number of examined animals (449 patients) produced very little information about the state of gastrointestinal systems at the first examination. When these cases were analyzed, the following reasons were found: long-term use of strong drugs, significant weakening of body immune system. As a result diagnostic tests were of very little value. These animals were treated by Nux Vomica 6CH for 6 days and then repeated feces test was performed. This produced a more informative picture of the state of gastrointestinal system and enabled to determine etiology and pathogenesis of the animal condition and prescribe necessary treatment. Conclusion. In such a way, Nux Vomica 6CH homeopathic remedy promoted effective optimization of coprology studies in animals. The suggested scheme of use for Nux Vomica 6CH significantly improves feces test quality. This in turn reduces time needed to choose strategy and tactics of treatment of small domestic animals with different chronic diseases.

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