scholarly journals Detection of Antibodies to Varicella-Zoster Virus in Recipients of the Varicella Vaccine by Using a Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System Assay

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1288-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey I. Cohen ◽  
Mir A. Ali ◽  
Ahmad Bayat ◽  
Sharon P. Steinberg ◽  
Hosun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Capsid Antigen ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Varicella Zoster

ABSTRACTA high-throughput test to detect varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies in varicella vaccine recipients is not currently available. One of the most sensitive tests for detecting VZV antibodies after vaccination is the fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test. Unfortunately, this test is labor-intensive, somewhat subjective to read, and not commercially available. Therefore, we developed a highly quantitative and high-throughput luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to detect antibody to VZV glycoprotein E (gE). Tests of children who received the varicella vaccine showed that the gE LIPS assay had 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity, a viral capsid antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had 67% and 87% specificity, and a glycoprotein ELISA (not commercially available in the United States) had 94% sensitivity and 74% specificity compared with the FAMA test. The rates of antibody detection by the gE LIPS and glycoprotein ELISA were not statistically different. Therefore, the gE LIPS assay may be useful for detecting VZV antibodies in varicella vaccine recipients. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00921999.)

Varicella-Zoster Virus (Varicella and Shingles)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Gershon
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Zoster Vaccine ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Varicella Zoster

A live attenuated vaccine against varicella (later also used to prevent zoster) was developed in 1974 by Takahashi and colleagues. Varicella vaccine was licensed for universal immunization of healthy children in the United States in 1995. It is also now used for this purpose in at least 15 additional countries all over the world. Varicella is disappearing in the US. Varicella vaccine has proven extremely safe and side effects are unusual, mild, and less serious than varicella or its complications. 85% of children are protected completely after 1 dose; the 15% who develop varicella despite immunization usually (but not always) have mild infections. These 15%, however, can transmit the wild type virus to others. Therefore, for optimal effect, 2 doses are required, mostly to address children who did not have an optimal primary immune response after the first dose. Waning immunity does not seem to pose a serious problem, but surveillance of vaccinees is continuing. It was demonstrated in 2005 that at a high dose of vaccine – 15 times higher than that used for prevention of varicella in children - zoster in adults can also be safely prevented. The live attenuated zoster vaccine is effective in approximately 50% of healthy individuals over age 60 who have had varicella in the past, and therefore have latent infection with varicella-zoster virus. It is given as one dose, but its effect runs out about 8 years after vaccination. In 2017, a new vaccine against zoster was also introduced. This is a subunit vaccine which does not contain contagious virus. It is even more effective than the older zoster vaccine and is over 95% effective in adults 50–≥70 years of age in preventing zoster and post herpetic neuralgia.

scholarly journals Varicella Vaccine Meningitis as a Complication of Herpes Zoster in Twice-Immunized Immunocompetent Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (13) ◽  
pp. 889-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veena Ramachandran ◽  
Stephen C. Elliott ◽  
Kathie L. Rogers ◽  
Randall J. Cohrs ◽  
Miles Weinberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Virus Reactivation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Intravenous Acyclovir

Varicella-zoster virus vaccination is recommended for virtually all young children in the United States, Canada, and several other countries. Varicella vaccine is a live attenuated virus that retains some of its neurotropic properties. Herpes zoster caused by vaccine virus still occurs in immunized children, although the rate is much lower than in children who had wild-type varicella. It was commonly thought that 2 varicella vaccinations would protect children against the most serious complication of meningitis following herpes zoster; however, 2 meningitis cases have already been published. We now report a third case of varicella vaccine meningitis and define risk factors shared by all 3 immunized adolescents. The diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid in this third case was verified by amplifying and sequencing portions of the viral genome, to document fixed alleles found only in the vaccine strain. Viral antibody was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid by confocal microscopy. When compared with the other 2 cases, remarkably all 3 were 14 years old when meningitis occurred. All 3 were treated with intravenous acyclovir, with complete recovery. The adolescent in our case report also had recurrent asthma, which was treated with both prednisone tablets and beclomethasone inhaler before onset of meningitis. When the 3 cases were considered together, they suggested that immunity to varicella-zoster virus may be waning sufficiently in some twice-immunized adolescents to make them vulnerable to varicella vaccine virus reactivation and subsequent meningitis. This complication rarely happens in children after wild-type varicella.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Commercial Varicella-Zoster Virus IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays in Comparison to the Fluorescent-Antibody-to-Membrane-Antigen Test

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1261-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Sauerbrei ◽  
Anna Schäfler ◽  
Jörg Hofmann ◽  
Michael Schacke ◽  
Bernd Gruhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Cell Enzyme

ABSTRACTCommercial serologic assays for varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which enable reliable determination of VZV immune status and are amenable to automation, are needed. The present study compares the automated performance of the VZV whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Enzygnost anti-VZV/IgG, the Euroimmun anti-VZV ELISA (IgG) based on highly purified viral proteins, and the VZV glycoprotein (gp)-based Serion ELISA Classic VZV IgG. The fluorescent-antibody-to-membrane-antibody (FAMA) test was used as a reference. A total of 638 serum samples from VZV-negative children, blood donors, varicella vaccinees, and bone marrow transplant recipients were included. The Enzygnost anti-VZV/IgG and the Serion ELISA Classic VZV IgG showed sensitivities of 99.6% and 99.2%, respectively, and the Euroimmun anti-VZV ELISA (IgG) had a significantly lower sensitivity of 90.5%. Specificity was calculated as 100% for both the Euroimmun anti-VZV ELISA (IgG) and for the Enzygnost anti-VZV/IgG, and the Serion ELISA Classic VZV IgG had a significantly lower specificity of 89.4%. Quantitative results of all ELISAs correlated well, but there was a poor quantitative correlation between the ELISAs and FAMA. In conclusion, this study does not show any superiority of a gp- and a protein-based ELISA compared to a whole-cell ELISA for the automated detection of VZV-specific IgG. The automated performance of the Enzygnost anti-VZV/IgG assay correlated best with the FAMA reference assay.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in Korean adolescents and adults using fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
pp. 1643-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. HAN ◽  
K. R. KANG ◽  
D. H. HUH ◽  
H. C. LEE ◽  
J. H. KIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

SUMMARYWe conducted a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study in 2012–2013 to determine the seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in adolescents and adults living in Korea, where varicella vaccination has been recommended universally at age 12–15 months since 2005. Residual serum samples were collected from 1196 healthy adults and adolescents aged ⩾10 years between November 2012 and March 2013. The fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to determine the seroprevalence of VZV. The seroprevalences of VZV were compared between six age groups: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and ⩾60 years. The seroprevalence of VZV in the entire study cohort was 99·1% according to the FAMA test and 93·1% as determined by ELISA. The seroprevalences of the six age groups were as follows: 96·0%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, by the FAMA test, and 83·3%, 93·0%, 93·0%, 97·5%, 94·5%, and 97·5%, respectively, by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age (P< 0·001); moreover, the seroprevalence in subjects aged 10–19 years was significantly lower than in other age groups (P< 0·001), as measured by both the FAMA test and ELISA. Thus, strategies to increase protective immunity against VZV in teenagers are necessary.

scholarly journals Calibration and Evaluation of Quantitative Antibody Titers for Varicella-Zoster Virus by Use of the BioPlex 2200

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McLachlan ◽  
Heidi Scholz ◽  
Shelly Bolotin ◽  
Natasha S. Crowcroft ◽  
Todd F. Hatchette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Luminex Technology ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACTMost commercially available enzyme immunoassay-based methods have limited sensitivity to detect antibody responses to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in vaccinated individuals, who produce lower antibody levels than those with natural infection. However, more sensitive methods are either not commercially available or less amenable to high-throughput testing. The BioPlex 2200 measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) IgG assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is an automated high-throughput platform based on the microsphere Luminex technology that measures antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella viruses simultaneously. Although it has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval as a qualitative diagnostic test for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus immunity, in this study, we have validated the assay to produce quantitative titers (off label) against the VaccZyme VZV glycoprotein (VZVgp) low-level IgG kit (The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK) using the World Health Organization international standard. Here, we show that the BioPlex 2200 MMRV IgG assay has sensitivity superior to that of the Zeus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) VZV IgG assay (Zeus Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and adjusting the cutoff levels, we improved the sensitivity of the quantitative BioPlex 2200 MMRV IgG assay to 97.4%, while maintaining 100% specificity.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Formulated with Lipid Nanoparticles and Nucleic Immunostimulators in Mice

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Han Cao ◽  
Yunfei Wang ◽  
Ning Luan ◽  
Cunbao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Zoster Vaccine ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Preclinical Trial ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Virus Glycoprotein ◽  
Polycytidylic Acid

Theoretically, the subunit herpes zoster vaccine ShingrixTM could be used as a varicella vaccine that avoids the risk of developing shingles from vaccination, but bedside mixing strategies and the limited supply of the adjuvant component QS21 have made its application economically impracticable. With lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that were approved by the FDA as vectors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines, we designed a series of vaccines efficiently encapsulated with varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E (VZV-gE) and nucleic acids including polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and the natural phosphodiester CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), which was approved by the FDA as an immunostimulator in a hepatitis B vaccine. Preclinical trial in mice showed that these LNP vaccines could induce VZV-gE IgG titers more than 16 times those induced by an alum adjuvant, and immunized serum could block in vitro infection completely at a dilution of 1:80, which indicated potential as a varicella vaccine. The magnitude of the cell-mediated immunity induced was generally more than 10 times that induced by the alum adjuvant, indicating potential as a zoster vaccine. These results showed that immunostimulatory nucleic acids together with LNPs have promise as safe and economical varicella and zoster vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of varicella-zoster virus infection in Chinese children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Luan ◽  
Xiaochen Shen ◽  
Jing Qiu ◽  
Yang Jing ◽  
Jingqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Varicella Zoster

Abstract Background Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in children is an important public health problem in China. We performed the current study to explore the seroprevalence of VZV infection in Chinese children in order to provide more information for improvement of varicella vaccination in China. Methods 3014 serum samples were collected from Chinese kindergarten students aged from four to six years. Anti-VZV IgG and IgM were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both ORF22 and ORF62 of VZV were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed by nested PCR. Results Totally, 43.9% of boys and 46.3% of girls were vaccinated with varicella vaccine, respectively. The seroprevalence of anti-VZV IgG was 54.4% in the children with varicella vaccination, which was significantly higher than those in unvaccinated children (49.2%) (χ2=8.206, P=0.004). Among of the vaccinated children, the detection rates of VZV IgG antibody increased with age, with 49.4%, 50.9% and 58.9% in 4, 5 and 6-year groups, respectively (Trend χ2=17.202, P=0.002). However, there was no difference in anti-VZV IgG detection rates among those unvaccinated children in different age groups (Trend χ2=8.681, P=0.070). In addition, thirteen boys and 13 girls were positive for anti-VZV IgM, respectively. Among of them, eight children (0.6%) have received varicella vaccination, which was similar to those in unvaccinated children (1.1%). However, only one ORF22 sequence was isolated from an unvaccinated 5-year boy. Compared to the reference VZV sequences, the nucleotide homology was estimated to be 99.7% with genotype J. Conclusions Our study indicated that about half of Chinese children aged four to six years have a high risk of VZV infection. It should be helpful for the evaluation on the necessity of varicella immunization in China.

scholarly journals Impact of Varicella Vaccine on Varicella-Zoster Virus Dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scott Schmid ◽  
Aisha O. Jumaan
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Effective Diagnosis ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARY The licensure and recommendation of varicella vaccine in the mid-1990s in the United States have led to dramatic declines in varicella incidence and varicella-related deaths and hospitalizations. Varicella outbreaks remain common and occur increasingly in highly vaccinated populations. Breakthrough varicella in vaccinated individuals is characteristically mild, typically with fewer lesions that frequently do not progress to a vesicular stage. As such, the laboratory diagnosis of varicella has grown increasingly important, particularly in outbreak settings. In this review the impact of varicella vaccine on varicella-zoster virus (VZV) disease, arising complications in the effective diagnosis and monitoring of VZV transmission, and the relative strengths and limitations of currently available laboratory diagnostic techniques are all addressed. Since disease symptoms often resolve in outbreak settings before suitable test specimens can be obtained, the need to develop new diagnostic approaches that rely on alternative patient samples is also discussed.

Immunoglobulin Subclass Antibodies to Varicefla-Zoster Virus

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-936
Author(s):  
Yoshizo Asano ◽  
Yuichi Hiroishi ◽  
Naoko Itakura ◽  
Shigeyuki Hirose ◽  
Yuji Kajita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Igg Subclass ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Immunoglobulin Subclass ◽  
Igg4 Antibody

Commercially available mouse monoclonal antibodies to human IgG subclass (IgG1 to IgG4) were applied to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure IgG subclass-specific antibodies to varicellazoster virus in children naturally infected with varicellazoster virus and in varicella vaccine recipients. In children naturally infected with varicella-zoster virus, IgG 1 antibody was detected 2 weeks after onset of the disease in all cases, its activity increased at 1 month after onset, and almost equal antibody value was maintained 10 years after infection. This pattern of antibody response was similar to that of total IgG antibody to varicella-zoster virus after natural infection. On the other hand, low antibody activity was found in IgG2 only at 1 month of the disease. The highest antibody level of IgG3 was shown 2 weeks after onset of the disease; then, it gradually decreased, and no antibody activity was detected 10 years later. IgG4 antibody was first detected 1 month after onset and an almost equal level of antibody was shown 10 years after the disease. After inoculation of children with a live varicella vaccine, in contrast, IgG subclass antibody responses to vaccine recipients were almost equal to those after natural infection.

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