scholarly journals Alterations in the Porcine Colon Microbiota Induced by the Gastrointestinal Nematode Trichuris suis

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 2150-2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Li ◽  
Sitao Wu ◽  
Weizhong Li ◽  
Karl Navarro ◽  
Robin D. Couch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Lysine Biosynthesis ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trichuris Suis

ABSTRACTHelminth parasites ensure their survival by regulating host immunity through mechanisms that dampen inflammation. These properties have recently been exploited therapeutically to treat human diseases. The biocomplexity of the intestinal lumen suggests that interactions between the parasite and the intestinal microbiota would also influence inflammation. In this study, we characterized the microbiota in the porcine proximal colon in response toTrichuris suis(whipworm) infection using 16S rRNA gene-based and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing. A 21-dayT. suisinfection in four pigs induced a significant change in the composition of the proximal colon microbiota compared to that of three parasite-naive pigs. Among the 15 phyla identified, the abundances ofProteobacteriaandDeferribactereswere changed in infected pigs. The abundances of approximately 13% of genera were significantly altered by infection. Changes in relative abundances ofSuccinivibrioandMucispirillum, for example, may relate to alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and niche disruptions in mucosal interfaces induced by parasitic infection, respectively. Of note, infection byT. suisled to a significant shift in the metabolic potential of the proximal colon microbiota, where 26% of all metabolic pathways identified were affected. Besides carbohydrate metabolism, lysine biosynthesis was repressed as well. A metabolomic analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the luminal contents showed a relative absence in infected pigs of cofactors for carbohydrate and lysine biosynthesis, as well as an accumulation of oleic acid, suggesting altered fatty acid absorption contributing to local inflammation. Our findings should facilitate development of strategies for parasitic control in pigs and humans.

scholarly journals Illuminating Microbial Dark Matter in Meromictic Sakinaw Lake

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (21) ◽  
pp. 6807-6818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther A. Gies ◽  
Kishori M. Konwar ◽  
J. Thomas Beatty ◽  
Steven J. Hallam
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
454 Sequencing ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Small Subunit Rrna ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction

ABSTRACTDespite recent advances in metagenomic and single-cell genomic sequencing to investigate uncultivated microbial diversity and metabolic potential, fundamental questions related to population structure, interactions, and biogeochemical roles of candidate divisions remain. Numerous molecular surveys suggest that stratified ecosystems manifesting anoxic, sulfidic, and/or methane-rich conditions are enriched in these enigmatic microbes. Here we describe diversity, abundance, and cooccurrence patterns of uncultivated microbial communities inhabiting the permanently stratified waters of meromictic Sakinaw Lake, British Columbia, Canada, using 454 sequencing of the small-subunit rRNA gene with three-domain resolution. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were affiliated with 64 phyla, including more than 25 candidate divisions. Pronounced trends in community structure were observed for all three domains with eukaryotic sequences vanishing almost completely below the mixolimnion, followed by a rapid and sustained increase in methanogen-affiliated (∼10%) and unassigned (∼60%) archaeal sequences as well as bacterial OTUs affiliated withChloroflexi(∼22%) and candidate divisions (∼28%). Network analysis revealed highly correlated, depth-dependent cooccurrence patterns betweenChloroflexi, candidate divisions WWE1, OP9/JS1, OP8, and OD1, methanogens, and unassigned archaeal OTUs indicating niche partitioning and putative syntrophic growth modes. Indeed, pathway reconstruction using recently published Sakinaw Lake single-cell genomes affiliated with OP9/JS1 and OP8 revealed complete coverage of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway with potential to drive syntrophic acetate oxidation to hydrogen and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions. Taken together, these observations point to previously unrecognized syntrophic networks in meromictic lake ecosystems with the potential to inform design and operation of anaerobic methanogenic bioreactors.

scholarly journals Influence ofEimeria falciformisInfection on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. e00073-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangping Huang ◽  
Sixin Zhang ◽  
Chunxue Zhou ◽  
Xiaoli Tang ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Metabolites ◽  
Coccidial Infection ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Important Disease

ABSTRACTCoccidiosis, caused by different species ofEimeriaparasites, is an economically important disease of poultry and livestock worldwide. Here we report previously unknown alterations in the gut microbes and metabolism of BALB/c mice infected withEimeria falciformis. Specifically, we observed a significant shift in the abundance of cecal bacteria and disrupted metabolism in parasitized animals. The relative abundances ofLachnospiraceaebacterium NK4A136,Ruminiclostridium,Alistipes, andLactobacillusdeclined in response toE. falciformisinfection, whereasEscherichia,Shigella,Helicobacter,Klebsiella, andBacteroideswere increased. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolites in the serum samples of infected mice were significantly altered compared to naïve controls. Levels of amino acids, including asparagine, histidine,l-cysteine, tryptophan, lysine, glycine, serine, alanine, proline, ornithine, methionine, and valine, decreased on day 7 postinfection before returning to baseline on day 14. In addition, increased levels of indolelactate and mannitol and a reduced amount of oxalic acid indicated impaired carbon metabolism upon parasitic infection. These data demonstrate that intestinal coccidial infection perturbs the microbiota and disrupts carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

scholarly journals Comparative Single-Cell Genomics of Chloroflexi from the Okinawa Trough Deep-Subsurface Biosphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 3000-3008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Fullerton ◽  
Craig L. Moyer
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Okinawa Trough ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Deep Subsurface ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reductive Dehalogenase ◽  
The Okinawa Trough

ABSTRACTChloroflexismall-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences are frequently recovered from subseafloor environments, but the metabolic potential of the phylum is poorly understood. The phylumChloroflexiis represented by isolates with diverse metabolic strategies, including anoxic phototrophy, fermentation, and reductive dehalogenation; therefore, function cannot be attributed to these organisms based solely on phylogeny. Single-cell genomics can provide metabolic insights into uncultured organisms, like the deep-subsurfaceChloroflexi. Nine SSU rRNA gene sequences were identified from single-cell sorts of whole-round core material collected from the Okinawa Trough at Iheya North hydrothermal field as part of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expedition 331 (Deep Hot Biosphere). Previous studies of subsurfaceChloroflexisingle amplified genomes (SAGs) suggested heterotrophic or lithotrophic metabolisms and provided no evidence for growth by reductive dehalogenation. Our nineChloroflexiSAGs (seven of which are from the orderAnaerolineales) indicate that, in addition to genes for the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, exogenous carbon sources can be actively transported into cells. At least one subunit for pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase was found in four of theChloroflexiSAGs. This protein can provide a link between the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and other carbon anabolic pathways. Finally, one of the sevenAnaerolinealesSAGs contains a distinct reductive dehalogenase homologous (rdhA) gene.IMPORTANCEThrough the use of single amplified genomes (SAGs), we have extended the metabolic potential of an understudied group of subsurface microbes, theChloroflexi. These microbes are frequently detected in the subsurface biosphere, though their metabolic capabilities have remained elusive. In contrast to previously examinedChloroflexiSAGs, our genomes (several are from the orderAnaerolineales) were recovered from a hydrothermally driven system and therefore provide a unique window into the metabolic potential of this type of habitat. In addition, a reductive dehalogenase gene (rdhA) has been directly linked to marine subsurfaceChloroflexi, suggesting that reductive dehalogenation is not limited to the classDehalococcoidia. This discovery expands the nutrient-cycling and metabolic potential present within the deep subsurface and provides functional gene information relating to this enigmatic group.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiota Display Profound Differential Metabolic Kinetics and Community Shifts upon Incubation with Sucrose, Trehalose, Kojibiose, and Xylitol

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley O. Onyango ◽  
Nele De Clercq ◽  
Koen Beerens ◽  
John Van Camp ◽  
Tom Desmet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Α Diversity

ABSTRACT This study compares the metabolic properties of kojibiose, trehalose, sucrose, and xylitol upon incubation with representative oral bacteria as monocultures or synthetic communities or with human salivary bacteria in a defined medium. Compared to sucrose and trehalose, kojibiose resisted metabolism during a 48-h incubation with monocultures, except for Actinomyces viscosus. Incubations with Lactobacillus-based communities, as well as salivary bacteria, displayed kojibiose metabolism, yet to a lesser extent than sucrose and trehalose. Concurring with our in vitro findings, screening for carbohydrate-active enzymes revealed that only Lactobacillus spp. and A. viscosus possess enzymes from glycohydrolase (GH) families GH65 and GH15, respectively, which are associated with kojibiose metabolism. Donor-dependent differences in salivary microbiome composition were noted, and differences in pH drop during incubation indicated different rates of sugar metabolism. However, functional analysis indicated that lactate, acetate, and formate evenly dominated the metabolic profile for all sugars except for xylitol. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis and α-diversity markers revealed that a significant shift of the microbiome community by sugars was more pronounced in sucrose and trehalose than in kojibiose and xylitol. In Streptococcus spp., a taxon linked to cariogenesis dominated in sucrose (mean ± standard deviation, 91.8 ± 6.4%) and trehalose (55.9 ± 38.6%), representing a high diversity loss. In contrast, Streptococcus (5.1 ± 3.7%) was less abundant in kojibiose, which instead was dominated by Veillonella (26.8 ± 19.6%), while for xylitol, Neisseria (29.4 ± 19.1%) was most abundant. Overall, kojibiose and xylitol incubations stimulated cariogenic species less yet closely maintained an abundance of key phyla and genera of the salivary microbiome, suggesting that kojibiose has low cariogenic properties. IMPORTANCE This study provides a detailed scientific insight on the metabolism of a rare disaccharide, kojibiose, whose mass production has recently been made possible. While the resistance of kojibiose was established with monocultures, delayed utilization of kojibiose was observed with communities containing lactobacilli and A. viscosus as well as with complex communities of bacteria from human saliva. Kojibiose is, therefore, less metabolizable than sucrose and trehalose. Moreover, although conventional sugars cause distinct shifts in salivary microbial communities, our study has revealed that kojibiose is able to closely maintain the salivary microbiome composition, suggesting its low cariogenic properties. This study furthermore underscores the importance and relevance of microbial culture and ex vivo mixed cultures to study cariogenicity and substrate utilization; this is in sharp contrast with tests that solely rely on monocultures such as Streptococcus mutans, which clearly fail to capture complex interactions between oral microbiota.

scholarly journals Predominant Acidilobus-Like Populations from Geothermal Environments in Yellowstone National Park Exhibit Similar Metabolic Potential in Different Hypoxic Microbial Communities

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. J. Jay ◽  
D. B. Rusch ◽  
S. G. Tringe ◽  
C. Bailey ◽  
R. M. Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACTHigh-temperature (>70°C) ecosystems in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) provide an unparalleled opportunity to study chemotrophic archaea and their role in microbial community structure and function under highly constrained geochemical conditions.Acidilobusspp. (orderDesulfurococcales) comprise one of the dominant phylotypes in hypoxic geothermal sulfur sediment and Fe(III)-oxide environments along with members of theThermoprotealesandSulfolobales. Consequently, the primary goals of the current study were to analyze and compare replicatede novosequence assemblies ofAcidilobus-like populations from four different mildly acidic (pH 3.3 to 6.1) high-temperature (72°C to 82°C) environments and to identify metabolic pathways and/or protein-encoding genes that provide a detailed foundation of the potential functional role of these populationsin situ. De novoassemblies of the highly similarAcidilobus-like populations (>99% 16S rRNA gene identity) represent near-complete consensus genomes based on an inventory of single-copy genes, deduced metabolic potential, and assembly statistics generated across sites. Functional analysis of coding sequences and confirmation of gene transcription byAcidilobus-like populations provide evidence that they are primarily chemoorganoheterotrophs, generating acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) via the degradation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and auxotrophic with respect to several external vitamins, cofactors, and metabolites. No obvious pathways or protein-encoding genes responsible for the dissimilatory reduction of sulfur were identified. The presence of a formate dehydrogenase (Fdh) and other protein-encoding genes involved in mixed-acid fermentation supports the hypothesis thatAcidilobusspp. function as degraders of complex organic constituents in high-temperature, mildly acidic, hypoxic geothermal systems.

scholarly journals Comparative genomic analysis of Flavobacteriaceae: insights into carbohydrate metabolism, gliding motility and secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asimenia Gavriilidou ◽  
Johanna Gutleben ◽  
Dennis Versluis ◽  
Francesca Forgiarini ◽  
Mark WJ van Passel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Abstract BackgroundMembers of the bacterial family Flavobacteriaceae are widely distributed in the marine environment and often found associated with algae, fish, detritus or marine invertebrates. Yet, little is known about the characteristics that drive their ubiquity in diverse ecological niches. Here, we provide an overview of functional traits common to taxonomically diverse members of the family Flavobacteriaceae from different environmental sources, with a focus on the Marine clade. We include seven newly sequenced marine sponge-derived strains that were also tested for gliding motility and antimicrobial activity. ResultsComparative genomics revealed that genome similarities appeared to be correlated to 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, while differences were mostly associated with nutrient acquisition, such as carbohydrate metabolism and gliding motility. The high frequency and diversity of genes encoding polymer-degrading enzymes support the capacity of marine Flavobacteriaceae to utilize diverse carbon sources. Homologs of gliding proteins were widespread among all studied Flavobacteriaceae in contrast to members of other phyla, highlighting the particular presence of this feature within the Bacteroidetes. Notably, not all gliding bacteria formed spreading colonies. Genome mining uncovered a diverse secondary metabolite biosynthesis arsenal of Flavobacteriaceae with high prevalence of gene clusters encoding pathways for the production of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic compounds. Antimicrobial activity tests showed, however, that the phenotype differed from the genome-derived predictions for the seven tested strains.ConclusionsOur study elucidates the functional repertoire of marine Flavobacteriaceae and highlights the need to combine genomic and experimental data while using the appropriate stimuli to unlock their uncharted metabolic potential.

scholarly journals Phyllobacterium loti sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Lotus corniculatus

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_3) ◽  
pp. 781-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximo Sánchez ◽  
Martha-Helena Ramírez-Bahena ◽  
Alvaro Peix ◽  
María J. Lorite ◽  
Juan Sanjuán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Strain S658T was isolated from a Lotus corniculatus nodule in a soil sample obtained in Uruguay. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and atpD gene showed that this strain clustered within the genus Phyllobacterium . The closest related species was, in both cases, Phyllobacterium trifolii PETP02T with 99.8 % sequence similarity in the 16S rRNA gene and 96.1 % in the atpD gene. The 16S rRNA gene contains an insert at the beginning of the sequence that has no similarities with other inserts present in the same gene in described rhizobial species. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the only quinone detected. Strain S658T differed from its closest relatives through its growth in diverse culture conditions and in the assimilation of several carbon sources. It was not able to reproduce nodules in Lotus corniculatus. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid analyses confirmed that this strain should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Phyllobacterium , for which the name Phyllobacterium loti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S658T( = LMG 27289T = CECT 8230T).

scholarly journals Faecalicoccus acidiformans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the chicken caecum, and reclassification of Streptococcus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1977), Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) and Eubacterium cylindroides (Cato et al. 1974) as Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov., Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively, within the family Erysipelotrichaceae

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_11) ◽  
pp. 3877-3884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celine De Maesschalck ◽  
Filip Van Immerseel ◽  
Venessa Eeckhaut ◽  
Siegrid De Baere ◽  
Margo Cnockaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

Strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were isolated from the caecal content of a chicken and produced butyric, lactic and formic acids as major metabolic end products. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were 40.4 and 38.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, both strains were most closely related to the generically misclassified Streptococcus pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. Strain LMG 27428T could be distinguished from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T based on production of more lactic acid and less formic acid in M2GSC medium, a higher DNA G+C content and the absence of activities of acid phosphatase and leucine, arginine, leucyl glycine, pyroglutamic acid, glycine and histidine arylamidases, while strain LMG 27428 was biochemically indistinguishable from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. The novel genus Faecalicoccus gen. nov. within the family Erysipelotrichaceae is proposed to accommodate strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427. Strain LMG 27428T ( = DSM 26963T) is the type strain of Faecalicoccus acidiformans sp. nov., and strain LMG 27427 ( = DSM 26962) is a strain of Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov. (type strain LMG 17756T = ATCC 29734T = DSM 20574T). Furthermore, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the genus Faecalicoccus are the generically misclassified Eubacterium cylindroides DSM 3983T (94.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T) and Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989T (92.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T). We present genotypic and phenotypic data that allow the differentiation of each of these taxa and propose to reclassify these generically misnamed species of the genus Eubacterium formally as Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov. and Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively. The type strain of Faecalitalea cylindroides is DSM 3983T = ATCC 27803T = JCM 10261T and that of Holdemanella biformis is DSM 3989T = ATCC 27806T = CCUG 28091T.

scholarly journals Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidales Alternative Fecal Indicators Reveal Chronic Human Sewage Contamination in an Urban Harbor

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (19) ◽  
pp. 6972-6981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Newton ◽  
Jessica L. VandeWalle ◽  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Marc H. Gorelick ◽  
Sandra L. McLellan
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe complexity of fecal microbial communities and overlap among human and other animal sources have made it difficult to identify source-specific fecal indicator bacteria. However, the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies now provides increased sequencing power to resolve microbial community composition within and among environments. These data can be mined for information on source-specific phylotypes and/or assemblages of phylotypes (i.e., microbial signatures). We report the development of a new genetic marker for human fecal contamination identified through microbial pyrotag sequence analysis of the V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence analysis of 37 sewage samples and comparison with database sequences revealed a human-associated phylotype within theLachnospiraceaefamily, which was closely related to the genusBlautia. This phylotype, termed Lachno2, was on average the second most abundant fecal bacterial phylotype in sewage influent samples from Milwaukee, WI. We developed a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Lachno2 and used it along with the qPCR-based assays for humanBacteroidales(based on the HF183 genetic marker), totalBacteroidalesspp., and enterococci and the conventionalEscherichia coliand enterococci plate count assays to examine the prevalence of fecal and human fecal pollution in Milwaukee's harbor. Both the conventional fecal indicators and the human-associated indicators revealed chronic fecal pollution in the harbor, with significant increases following heavy rain events and combined sewer overflows. The two human-associated genetic marker abundances were tightly correlated in the harbor, a strong indication they target the same source (i.e., human sewage). Human adenoviruses were routinely detected under all conditions in the harbor, and the probability of their occurrence increased by 154% for every 10-fold increase in the human indicator concentration. Both Lachno2 and humanBacteroidalesincreased specificity to detect sewage compared to general indicators, and the relationship to a human pathogen group suggests that the use of these alternative indicators will improve assessments for human health risks in urban waters.

scholarly journals Amphritea ceti sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas)

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_12) ◽  
pp. 4068-4072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ok Kim ◽  
Sooyeon Park ◽  
Doo Nam Kim ◽  
Bo-Hye Nam ◽  
Sung-Min Won ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Beluga Whale ◽  
Delphinapterus Leucas ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Beluga Whale Delphinapterus Leucas ◽  
Type Strains

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated RA1T, was isolated from faeces collected from Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) in Yeosu aquarium, South Korea. Strain RA1T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0–8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RA1T joins the cluster comprising the type strains of three species of the genus Amphritea , with which it exhibited 95.8–96.0 % sequence similarity. Sequence similarities to the type strains of other recognized species were less than 94.3 %. Strain RA1T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain RA1T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RA1T was 47.4 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA1T is separated from other species of the genus Amphritea . On the basis of the data presented, strain RA1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Amphritea , for which the name Amphritea ceti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA1T ( = KCTC 42154T = NBRC 110551T).

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