Intimin, Tir, and Shiga Toxin 1 Do Not Influence Enteropathogenic Responses to Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Bovine Ligated Intestinal Loops

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherchia coli (STEC) comprises a group of attaching and effacing (A/E) enteric pathogens of animals and humans. Natural and experimental infection of calves with STEC may result in acute enteritis or subclinical infection, depending on serotype- and host-specific factors. To quantify intestinal secretory and inflammatory responses to STEC in the bovine intestine, serotypes that are associated with human disease (O103:H2 and O157:H7) were introduced into ligated mid-ileal loops in gnotobiotic and conventional calves, and fluid accumulation and recruitment of radiolabeled neutrophils were measured after 12 h. STEC serotype O103:H2, but not serotype O157:H7, elicited strong enteropathogenic responses. To determine if the inflammatory response to STEC O103:H2 in calves requires Shiga toxin 1 or intimate bacterial attachment to the intestinal epithelium, defined mutations were made in the stx1, eae, and tir genes. Our data indicate that some STEC induce intestinal inflammatory responses in calves by a mechanism that is independent of A/E-lesion formation, intimin, or Shiga toxin 1. This may have implications for strategies to reduce STEC carriage in cattle.

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Supportive care with art therapy, for patients in isolation during stem cell transplant

Palliative & Supportive Care ◽

10.1017/s147895151100071x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alessandra Agnese ◽

Teresa Lamparelli ◽

Andrea Bacigalupo ◽

Paola Luzzatto

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Art Therapy ◽

Stem Cell Transplant ◽

Hemopoietic Stem Cell ◽

Cell Transplant ◽

Self Assessment ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Meaningful Connections ◽

Art Therapist ◽

Made In

AbstractObjective:The aim of the art therapy study was twofold: 1) to identify the specific factors of the art therapy experience perceived as helpful by patients undergoing an allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); and 2) to establish an appropriate criterion for referral to art therapy among this population.Method:Between 2006 and 2010, a dedicated art therapist met all the patients who were referred to her by the hematologist. The art therapy approach and techniques are described. Outcome was evaluated by self-assessment, based on written questionnaires that were given to the patients before discharge.Results:Seventy-four patients followed the weekly individual sessions during isolation and filled out the questionnaire. All of them defined the art therapy experience as “helpful” and specified in which way it had been helpful. Through a thematic analysis of the patients' written comments, three specific aspects of art therapy, which the patients found most helpful, were identified: (1) being able to calm down from anxiety, through the use of art therapy techniques (77.02%); (2) feeling free to express and share difficult feelings, which they had not communicated verbally (75.67%); and (3) establishing meaningful connections with their loved ones, through images made in art therapy (36.48%). Case illustrations are provided.Significance of results:The results suggest that referral to art therapy from the team might be helpful and appropriate: (1) when patients are anxious; (2) when they are uncommunicative and hide their feelings; and (3) when they feel disconnected from their loved ones at home.

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The Scaffold Derived from GGTA1 and CMAH Gene Knockout Pigs Generated by Gene Editing Provoked Little Inflammatory Responses in a Humanized Pig Model

10.21203/rs.2.23159/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

chon-ho yen ◽

Hao-Chih Tai ◽

Su-Hei Peng ◽

Tien-Shuh Yang ◽

Ching-Fu Tu

Keyword(s):

Gene Editing ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Gene Knockout ◽

Giant Cells ◽

Small Intestinal Submucosa ◽

Wild Type ◽

Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Intestinal Submucosa ◽

Made In

Abstract BackgroundThe porcine small intestinal submucosa ECM (SIS-ECM) has been used as a supportive scaffold for healing in a variety of tissues. However, the outcomes of its application are far from satisfactory.ResultsThe possibility of generating a porcine small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) that is fully biocompatible was investigated. Samples of SIS-ECM were prepared from either domestic wild-type (WT) or double-gene knockout (dKO) pigs without antigenic responses to α-Gal and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The scaffolds, which were sutured into cuts made in the longissimus muscle of the dKO pigs, were expected to exhibit xeno-reactions through natural antibodies as in a human response. A process was established to manufacture ameliorating acellular porcine SIS-ECM implants with consistent quality characteristics, which were assured by analyzing the level of residual DNA, the glycosaminoglycan content, and histochemical stains. Once implanted, the acellular SIS-ECM from the WT pigs caused a significant increase in serum IL-6 levels in the dKO recipient pigs, indicating a host defense through immune reactions. The levels remained unchanged when preparations from the dKO pigs were used. The pathological score of the multinuclear giant cells of the dKO (WT) group (2.3±0.5) was significantly greater than that of the dKO (dKO) group (0.7±0.3).ConclusionThe IL-6 levels and pathological evidences suggested that dKO pigs without α-Gal or Neu5Gc antigenic causing lower inflammatory response can serve as biocompatible SIS-ECM donors or as animal models for testing anthropomorphic immune responses to biomedical devices.

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Epidemiology of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in the Province of Alberta, Canada, 2009–2016

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11100613 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 613 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lisboa ◽

Szelewicki ◽

Lin ◽

Latonas ◽

Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Rural Areas ◽

One Health ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Uremic Syndrome ◽

Human Infections ◽

Made In ◽

Marked Drop

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are the product of the interaction between bacteria, phages, animals, humans, and the environment. In the late 1980s, Alberta had one of the highest incidences of STEC infections in North America. Herein, we revisit and contextualize the epidemiology of STEC O157 human infections in Alberta for the period 2009–2016. STEC O157 infections were concentrated in large urban centers, but also in rural areas with high cattle density. Hospitalization was often required when the Shiga toxin genotype stx2a stx2c was involved, however, only those aged 60 years or older and infection during spring months (April to June) independently predicted that need. Since the late 1980s, the rate of STEC O157-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Alberta has remained unchanged at 5.1%, despite a marked drop in the overall incidence of the infection. While Shiga toxin genotypes stx1a stx2c and stx2a stx2c seemed associated with HUS, only those aged under 10 years and infection during spring months were independently predictive of that complication. The complexity of the current epidemiology of STEC O157 in Alberta highlights the need for a One Health approach for further progress to be made in mitigating STEC morbidity.

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Measuring Effector-Mediated Modulation of Inflammatory Responses to Infection with Enteropathogenic and Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli

Methods in Molecular Biology - Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli ◽

10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_15 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 317-332

Author(s):

Georgina L. Pollock ◽

Cristina Giogha ◽

Elizabeth L. Hartland

Keyword(s):

Shiga Toxin ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

E Coli

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Protection against Hemorrhagic Colitis in an Animal Model by Oral Immunization with Isogeneic Rabbit Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Attenuated by Truncating Intimin

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.10.6608-6619.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 6608-6619 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Tonia S. Agin ◽

Chengru Zhu ◽

Laura A. Johnson ◽

Timothy E. Thate ◽

Zhuolu Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulent Strain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Bacterial Attachment ◽

Vascular Lesions ◽

Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽

Functional Domain ◽

E Coli

ABSTRACT Strains of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli, also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), are important food-borne pathogens for humans. Most EHEC strains intimately adhere to the intestinal mucosa in a characteristic attaching and effacing (A/E) pattern, which is mediated by the bacterial adhesin intimin. Subsequent release of Stx1 and/or Stx2 leads to the frequent development of hemorrhagic colitis and, less commonly, to hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The aim of the present study was to develop an attenuated A/E E. coli strain for use as a vaccine against EHEC infection encoding a truncated intimin lacking adhesive capacity, but which would still express somatic antigens, other products of the locus of enterocyte effacement pathogenicity island, and an immunogenic remnant of the intimin molecule. A single-nucleotide deletion was generated in the eae gene in the prototype rabbit A/E E. coli strain RDEC-1 (O15:H−), which resulted in truncation of intimin by 81 C-terminal residues (860 to 939 amino acids) containing a disulfide loop. Inoculation of rabbits with large doses of the truncated intimin mutant (RDEC-1Δeae860-939) was well tolerated, as observed by the absence of clinical signs of disease or evidence of intestinal A/E lesions. The efficacy of RDEC-1Δeae860-939 as a vaccine was evaluated by orogastric inoculation of rabbits with RDEC-1Δeae860-939 followed by challenge with the virulent strain RDEC-H19A, an Stx1-producing derivative of wild-type RDEC-1 capable of inducing hemorrhagic colitis in rabbits. Following RDEC-H19A challenge, nonimmunized control rabbits exhibited characteristic weight loss with watery to bloody diarrhea and demonstrated intimate bacterial attachment, effacement of microvilli, submucosal edema, mucosal heterophile infiltrates, and Shiga toxin-induced vascular lesions. In contrast, the RDEC-1Δeae860-939-immunized rabbits showed no clinical signs of disease, maintained normal weight gain, had reduced fecal shedding of challenge organisms, and showed an absence of gross or microscopic lesions in the intestinal mucosa. Serum antibodies specific to intimin were detected among rabbits immunized with RDEC-1Δeae860-939, indicating that truncation of the intimin functional domain not only attenuated bacterial virulence, but also retained at least some of the immunogenicity of native intimin. Although it is not possible to gauge the exact contribution of residual intimin immunity to protection, this attenuation strategy for A/E E. coli strains shows promise for the development of effective vaccines to prevent EHEC infection in humans and animals.

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Culture supernatant of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains provoke fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops

FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1016/s0928-8244(97)00094-1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 285-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Culture Supernatant ◽

Fluid Accumulation

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Medical evaluation and pharmacotherapeutical strategies in management of urolithiasis

Therapeutic Advances in Urology ◽

10.1177/1756287221993300 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 175628722199330

Author(s):

Derry Minyao Ng ◽

Maria Haleem ◽

Anny Mamuchashvili ◽

Kai-yun Wang ◽

Jin-Feng Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Management ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Size Composition ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Medical Evaluation ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Potential Damage ◽

Treatment Of Urolithiasis ◽

Made In

Treatment of urolithiasis depends on several important factors which include stone location, size, composition, and patient symptoms. Although significant advancements have been made in the surgical management of urolithiasis in the last decade, pharmacotherapy which can prevent the formation of new stones and decrease the recurrence of urolithiasis has not experienced the same level of success. Currently, urolithiasis is regarded as a complicated syndrome that is determined by numerous factors, and any treatment plan for urolithiasis should be individualized while considering any potential damage arising from stone-forming factors. This review introduces the most popular methods currently used to evaluate urolithiasis and the pharmacotherapy of urolithiasis based on patient-specific factors.

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The Microbiota in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on the Potential Function of Probiotics

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.759095 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xirui Guo ◽

Xuerong Yang ◽

Qi Li ◽

Xiaoyan Shen ◽

Huiyun Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Animal Models ◽

Lupus Erythematosus ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

The Body ◽

Comprehensive Treatment ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Made In

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a kind of chronic diffuse connective tissue illness characterized by multisystem and multiorgan involvement, repeated recurrence and remission, and the presence of a large pool of autoantibodies in the body. Although the exact cause of SLE is not thoroughly revealed, accumulating evidence has manifested that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, regulating the immunomodulatory and inflammatory response, which may be linked to the disease pathogenesis. Particularly, documented experiments demonstrated that SLE patients have remarkable changes in gut microbiota compared to healthy controls, indicating that the alteration of microbiota may be implicated in different phases of SLE. In this review, the alteration of microbiota in the development of SLE is summarized, and the mechanism of intestinal microbiota on the progression of immune and inflammatory responses in SLE is also discussed. Due to limited reports on the effects of probiotics supplementation in SLE patients, we emphasize advancements made in the last few years on the function and mechanisms of probiotics in the development of SLE animal models. Besides, we follow through literature to survey whether probiotics supplements can be an adjuvant therapy for comprehensive treatment of SLE. Research has indicated that intake of probiotics alters the composition of the gut microbiome, contributing to prevent the progression of SLE. Adjustment of the gut microbiome through probiotics supplementation seems to alleviate SLE symptoms and their cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models, marking this treatment as a potentially novel approach.

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Microbial-Driven Immunological Memory and Its Potential Role in Microbiome Editing for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.752304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Laure Campillo-Gimenez ◽

David Rios-Covian ◽

Jesus Rivera-Nieves ◽

Hiroshi Kiyono ◽

Hiutung Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Potential Role ◽

Microbial Consortium ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Microbial Interactions ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Immune Memory ◽

Mucosal Lymphocyte ◽

Made In

Over the last several years, many advances have been made in understanding the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. Beginning with Helicobacter pylori being recognized as the first bacterial carcinogen and the causative agent of most gastric cancers, more recent studies have examined the role of enteric microbes in colorectal cancer. In the digestive tract, these communities are numerous and have a complex interrelationship with local immune/inflammatory responses that impact the health of the host. As modifying the microbiome in the stomach has decreased the risk of gastric cancer, modifying the distal microbiome may decrease the risk of colorectal cancers. To date, very few studies have considered the notion that mucosal lymphocyte-dependent immune memory may confound attempts to change the microbial components in these communities. The goal of this review is to consider some of the factors impacting host-microbial interactions that affect colorectal cancer and raise questions about how immune memory responses to the local microbial consortium affect any attempt to modify the composition of the intestinal microbiome.

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