scholarly journals Clinical and Infection Prevention Applications of SARS-CoV-2 Genotyping: an IDSA/ASM Consensus Review Document

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Greninger ◽  
Jennifer Dien Bard ◽  
Robert C. Colgrove ◽  
Erin H. Graf ◽  
Kimberly E. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Therapeutic Effectiveness ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Widespread Interest

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged into a world of maturing pathogen genomics, with more than 2 million genomes sequenced at the time of writing. The rise of more transmissible variants of concern that impact vaccine and therapeutic effectiveness has led to widespread interest in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Clinicians are also eager to take advantage of the information provided by SARS-CoV-2 genotyping beyond surveillance purposes. Here, we review the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 genotyping in clinical care. The review covers clinical use cases for SARS-CoV-2 genotyping, methods of SARS-CoV-2 genotyping, assay validation and regulatory requirements, and clinical reporting for laboratories, as well as emerging issues in clinical SARS-CoV-2 sequencing. While clinical uses of SARS-CoV-2 genotyping are currently limited, rapid technological change along with a growing ability to interpret variants in real time foretells a growing role for SARS-CoV-2 genotyping in clinical care as continuing data emerge on vaccine and therapeutic efficacy.

scholarly journals Anti-phospholipid syndrome and COVID-19 thrombosis: connecting the dots

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moon Ley Tung ◽  
Bryce Tan ◽  
Robin Cherian ◽  
Bharatendu Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Connecting The Dots ◽  
Anti Phospholipid Syndrome

Abstract As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide, it has emerged as a leading cause of mortality, resulting in >1 million deaths over the past 10 months. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear, posing a great challenge to the medical management of patients. Recent studies have reported an unusually high prevalence of thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients, although the mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have reported the presence of aPLs in COVID-19 patients. We have noticed similarities between COVID-19 and APS, which is an autoimmune prothrombotic disease that is often associated with an infective aetiology. Molecular mimicry and endothelial dysfunction could plausibly explain the mechanism of thrombogenesis in acquired APS. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological similarities between COVID-19 and APS, and the potential role of therapeutic targets based on the anti-phospholipid model for COVID-19 disease.

scholarly journals The application of omics techniques to understand the role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175628481882225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Segal ◽  
Benjamin H. Mullish ◽  
Mohammed Nabil Quraishi ◽  
Animesh Acharjee ◽  
Horace R. T. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Compositional Changes

The aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) involves the complex interaction between a patient’s genetic predisposition, environment, gut microbiota and immune system. Currently, however, it is not known if the distinctive perturbations of the gut microbiota that appear to accompany both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the cause of, or the result of, the intestinal inflammation that characterizes IBD. With the utilization of novel systems biology technologies, we can now begin to understand not only details about compositional changes in the gut microbiota in IBD, but increasingly also the alterations in microbiota function that accompany these. Technologies such as metagenomics, metataxomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabonomics are therefore allowing us a deeper understanding of the role of the microbiota in IBD. Furthermore, the integration of these systems biology technologies through advancing computational and statistical techniques are beginning to understand the microbiome interactions that both contribute to health and diseased states in IBD. This review aims to explore how such systems biology technologies are advancing our understanding of the gut microbiota, and their potential role in delineating the aetiology, development and clinical care of IBD.

scholarly journals Prior Routine Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Important Outcomes in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilidh Bruce ◽  
Fenella Barlow-Pay ◽  
Roxanna Short ◽  
Arturo Vilches-Moraga ◽  
Angeline Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection causes acute lung injury, resulting from aggressive inflammation initiated by viral replication. There has been much speculation about the potential role of non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which increase the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a binding target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter the host cell, which could lead to poorer outcomes in COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to examine the association between routine use of NSAIDs and outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. This was a multicentre, observational study, with data collected from adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to eight UK hospitals. Of 1222 patients eligible to be included, 54 (4.4%) were routinely prescribed NSAIDs prior to admission. Univariate results suggested a modest protective effect from the use of NSAIDs, but in the multivariable analysis, there was no association between prior NSAID use and time to mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) = 0.89, 95% CI 0.52–1.53, p = 0.67) or length of stay (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59–1.35, p = 0.58). This study found no evidence that routine NSAID use was associated with higher COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised patients; therefore, patients should be advised to continue taking these medications until further evidence emerges. Our findings suggest that NSAID use might confer a modest benefit with regard to survival. However, as this finding was underpowered, further research is required.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Dependence in HIV-Infected Individuals and in HIV Infection Prevention

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. S178-S183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Altice ◽  
Lynn E. Sullivan ◽  
Duncan Smith-Rohrberg ◽  
Sanjay Basu ◽  
Sharon Stancliff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opioid Dependence ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Hiv Infection Prevention

scholarly journals Potential Role of Children in the Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Catalonia (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Soriano-Arandes ◽  
Berta Ferran ◽  
Magda Campins ◽  
Juliana Esperalba-Esquerra ◽  
Juliana Reyes-Urueña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Index Cases

We analyzed the characteristics of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected children during lock-down period in Catalonia (Spain), and their transmission role within the households. Among 295 traced household contacts of 89 pediatric patients, children were classified as final index cases in only 3.4% of the traced homes.

scholarly journals Vitamin supplementation as a potential adjunctive therapeutic approach for COVID-19: biological and clinical plausibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Daei Sorkhabi ◽  
Aila Sarkesh ◽  
Alireza Daei Sorkhabi ◽  
Taher Entezari-Maleki ◽  
Jalil Rashedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract The recent pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has introduced itself into the human population in the 21st century after the coronavirus diseases SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Major investigations are underway worldwide in the search for pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and many agents are administered in off-label routes. Several cases are under study to check or restrict clinical manifestations of COVID-19. According to the fact that the efficacy of some micro-nutrients like vitamins is proven to treat or prevent infectious diseases because of their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity, the potential role of vitamins in the COVID-19 treatment or prevention must be considered.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Lactoferrin and Heparin in COVID-19: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianka Hoxha ◽  
Arvjola Hodaj
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Animal Pathogens

Aim: The aim of the research is to evidence the potential role of lactoferrin (LF) and heparin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, we discuss and underline the mechanisms involved in this possible association. Methods: PubMed and Scopus databases were used to conduct the literature search. Findings and Conclusion: Studies have widely proven the principal activity of LF, in the inflammatory process, as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory glycoprotein. Evidence shows that LF has important antibacterial and antiviral effects against human and animal pathogens. Heparin and LF could reduce viral entry by preventing the attachment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a result of competitive binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Clinical studies are necessary to specify LF and heparin mechanisms of action and the therapeutical dose in patient affected with COVID-19.

scholarly journals Focus on the Potential Role of Lung Ultrasound in COVID-19 Pandemic: What More to Do?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8398
Author(s):  
Beatrice Ragnoli ◽  
Mario Malerba
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World

COVID-19, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerging in China’s Hubei province in late 2019, due to a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is causing a global pandemic involving many areas of the world, which so far counts more than 43 million cases and more than 1,155,000 deaths worldwide [...]

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