scholarly journals Effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides in sputum

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
B J Phillips ◽  
W Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis

The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides was studied. Sputa seeded with each of 11 organisms (Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Geotrichum candidum, Histoplasma capsulatum; Nocardia asteroides, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Sporothrix schenckii) were treated with CPC and kept for 2, 5 and 9 days. The CPC reagent used (0.5% CPC and 0.5% sodium chloride) is one the Mycobacteriolgoy Branch at the Center for Disease Control added to sputa before shipping them to laboratories for recovery of mycobacteria. None of the organisms tested survived this treatment, and none was recovered on mycological or mycobacteriological media. Seeded sputa containing these organisms were also tested with a second CPC reagent (0.02% CPC and 0.5% sodium chloride) and held for 2, 5 and 9 days. A few colonies of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and N. asteroides were recovered from these samples. Neither the morphology of the fungi nor their stainability by the fluorescent antibody method was affected by treatment with the reagent containing 0.5% CPC. However, the background material in smears from the 0.5% CPC-treated samples retained the conjugate, and this made weakly fluorescing organisms more difficult to detect. The 0.5% CPC treatment did not alter the morphology of N. asteroides or its ability to be stained with Kinyoun acid-fast stain.

Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. García-Carnero ◽  
José A. Martínez-Álvarez ◽  
Luis M. Salazar-García ◽  
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez ◽  
Sandra E. González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Fungal Antigens

: By being the first point of contact of the fungus with the host, the cell wall plays an important role in the pathogenesis, having many molecules that participate as antigens that are recognized by immune cells, and also that help the fungus to establish infection. The main molecules reported to trigger an immune response are chitin, glucans, oligosaccharides, proteins, melanin, phospholipids, and others, being present in the principal pathogenic fungi with clinical importance worldwide, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii. Knowledge and understanding of how the immune system recognizes and responds to fungal antigens are relevant for the future research and development of new diagnostic tools and treatments for the control of mycosis caused by these fungi.

scholarly journals Virulence Factors IN Fungi OF Systemic Mycoses

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cilmery Suemi KUROKAWA ◽  
Maria Fátima SUGIZAKI ◽  
Maria Terezinha Serrão PERAÇOLI
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Hostile Environments

Pathogenic fungi that cause systemic mycoses retain several factors which allow their growth in adverse conditions provided by the host, leading to the establishment of the parasitic relationship and contributing to disease development. These factors are known as virulence factors which favor the infection process and the pathogenesis of the mycoses. The present study evaluates the virulence factors of pathogenic fungi such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in terms of thermotolerance, dimorphism, capsule or cell wall components as well as enzyme production. Virulence factors favor fungal adhesion, colonization, dissemination and the ability to survive in hostile environments and elude the immune response mechanisms of the host. Both the virulence factors presented by different fungi and the defense mechanisms provided by the host require action and interaction of complex processes whose knowledge allows a better understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic mycoses.

A REVIEW OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF ORAL CAVITY AND ITS EMERGING TRENDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Sonalee Shah ◽  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
G. Sangeeta
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Wide Range

Oral commensal ora consists of a wide range of micro-organisms that include eubacteria, archaea, fungi, mycoplasmas and protozoa. From oral commensals, fungi are classied as eukaryotes. Fungal species that are present as commensal inhabitants in the oral cavity but can lead to a very serious infection with broadcast to various parts of body in patients with immune-suppressed state and therefore are referred to as opportunistic pathogenic fungi . Mucor and Cryptococcus too are etiological agents of signicant number of oral infections. Clinical presentations of the fungal infections vary from pseudo-membranes, purulent swellings, erosive lesions, pustules to widespread destruction due to necrosis that may extend upto bone.(1,2) Despite advances in treatment modalities, the frequency of deaths associated with invasive candidiasis remains high and is about one-third to one-half of affected patients. (3) The candida species, adhere utilizing both specic and nonspecic mechanisms including dimorphism with direct tissue invasion & extra-cellular enzymes. (7) Oral supercial candidiasis may occur in various clinical forms. Also, besides candida, the fungi that can cause deep-seated fungal infections in humans are : Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histosplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Zygomycetes class, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Sporotrix schenckii and Geotrichum candidum. Detection of invasive fungal disease cannot be done from isolation and identication of fungal DNA alone. At present, treatment of candidiasis, of any type, relies only on a limited arsenal of antifungal agents. (2, 7)

Endemic dimorphic fungi

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Restrepo ◽  
Angel A. Gónzalez ◽  
Beatriz L. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Dimorphic Fungi ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Biosafety Level

Endemic dimorphic infections are acquired by inhalation of fungal spores which undergo a thermal transition to a yeast-like phase in the host. The causative organisms are geographically restricted and are isolated from the environment; likewise, the infections are associated with people living in, or visiting, these endemic regions. The clinical presentations range from asymptomatic to chronic, and disseminated, depending on the host immune status and other risk factors. The infections and their causative agents are: histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/lutzii), blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis/gilchristii), coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis/posadasii), talaromycosis (previously penicilliosis; Talaromyces [Penicillium] marneffei), and emmonsiosis (Emmonsia species). Diagnosis relies on microscopy and culture, histology, and immunological detection. Owing to their infectious nature, all of these organisms must be handled using biosafety level-3 containment. Treatment is based around azole administration, usually itraconazole, with amphotericin B for the more severe forms or for the most at risk patients.

Effect of sodium chloride and seawater in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium on some human-pathogenic fungi

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (21) ◽  
pp. 2418-2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Comfort A. Ekundayo
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Sterile Seawater ◽  
Fungal Isolates

Nine human-pathogenic fungal isolates from Nigeria were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar prepared with seawater and solutions containing different concentrations of sodium chloride. Growth was determined by measuring colony diameter after incubation for a maximum of 15 days at 30 °C. The fungi grew and sporulated on seawater, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar containing up to 3.4% NaCl. Growth, however, decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the basal medium. Little or no growth occurred in media containing 6.4% NaCl.Aspergillus fumigatus Link, Candida albicans (Robin) Berkh, and Geotrichum candidum Link remained viable for up to 8 weeks in distilled water, 0.85 and 1.7% NaCl solutions, 5 weeks in 3.4% NaCl and sterile seawater, and 4 weeks in 6.8% NaCl.

scholarly journals Glutathione-dependent extracellular ferric reductase activities in dimorphic zoopathogenic fungi

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 2233-2240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Zarnowski ◽  
Jon P. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ferric Reductase ◽  
Alkaline Environments

In this study, extracellular glutathione-dependent ferric reductase (GSH-FeR) activities in different dimorphic zoopathogenic fungal species were characterized. Supernatants from Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii strains grown in their yeast form were able to reduce iron enzymically with glutathione as a cofactor. Some variations in the level of reduction were noted amongst the strains. This activity was stable in acidic, neutral and slightly alkaline environments and was inhibited when trivalent aluminium and gallium ions were present. Using zymography, single bands of GSH-FeRs with apparent molecular masses varying from 430 to 460 kDa were identified in all strains. The same molecular mass range was determined by size exclusion chromatography. These data demonstrate that dimorphic zoopathogenic fungi produce and secrete a family of similar GSH-FeRs that may be involved in the acquisition and utilization of iron. Siderophore production by these and other fungi has sometimes been considered to provide a full explanation of iron acquisition in these organisms. Our work reveals an additional common mechanism that may be biologically and pathogenically important. Furthermore, while some characteristics of these enzymes such as extracellular location, cofactor utilization and large size are not individually unique, when considered together and shared across a range of fungi, they represent an important novel physiological feature.

scholarly journals Misleading Manifestations of Coccidioides immitis In Vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 3721-3723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Kaufman ◽  
Gustavo Valero ◽  
Arvind A. Padhye
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Biopsy Tissue ◽  
First Case ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fungal Tissue

We describe a case of coccidioidomycosis in which several unusual morphologic forms of Coccidioides immitis occurred in biopsy tissue from the right lower lung of a patient. To our knowledge, this is the first case where so many diverse morphologic forms were manifested in a single patient in the absence of typical endosporulating spherules. Immature spherules demonstrating segmentation mimicked morula forms of Prototheca spp. Certain elements resembled budding cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis. These consisted of juxtaposed immature spherules without endospores, a germinating endospore, or thick-walled hyphal cells. Branched, septate hyphae and moniliform hyphae consisting of chains of thick-walled arthroconidia or immature spherules were also present. Complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests performed on the patient’s serum were negative for C. immitis, B. dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum antibodies. Fluorescent-antibody studies were carried out with a specificC. immitis conjugate. All of the diverse fungal tissue elements stained positive with a moderate to strong (2 to 3+) intensity.

Paracoccidioides spp. and Histoplasma capsulatum: Current and New Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 1333-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Taborda ◽  
R. Buccheri ◽  
G. Benard ◽  
A.N. Duarte-Neto ◽  
J.D. Nosanchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Paracoccidioides Spp

The thermally-dimorphic systemic fungal group includes several important human pathogens: Blastomyces dermatitides, Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii, and Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei. They usually are geographically restricted and have natural habitats in soil or in plants, and when fungal propagules invade mammalian host by inhalation, they initiate an inflammatory reaction that can result in self-resolution of the infection or cause an acute or chronic disease. In the setting of the AIDS pandemic and the developments in modern medicine, such as immunosuppressive therapy in cancer surgery patients and in transplantation and autoimmune diseases, the incidence of endemic mycoses has progressively increased. Another important factor of the increased incidence of systemic mycoses in certain regions is the progressive devastation of tropical and subtropical forests. In this review, we focus on two of the most important systemic mycoses: paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, and their major characteristics in epidemiology, clinical aspects and laboratorial diagnosis.

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo dimorphism ofSporothrix schenckii,Blastomyces dermatitidis, andParacoccidioides brasiliensisisolates after preservation in mineral oil

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Ferretti de Lima ◽  
Marcelly Maria dos Santos Brito ◽  
Guido Manoel Vidal Schäffer ◽  
Osana Cunha de Lima ◽  
Cintia de Moraes Borba
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis

Morphological differentiation has commanded attention for its putative impact on the pathogenesis of invasive fungal infections. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo the dimorphism from mycelial to yeast-phase of Sporothrix schenckii, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates, two strains for each species, preserved in mineral oil. S. schenckii strains showed typical micromorphology at 25 °C but one strain was unable to complete the dimorphic process in vitro. After in vivo passage through mice the strains had the ability to turn into yeast-like cells and to form colonies on brain-heart infusion medium at 36 °C. B. dermatitidis strains grew as dirty white to brownish membranous colonies at 25 °C and their micromorphology showed thin filaments with single hyaline conidia. At 36 °C the colonies did not differ from those grown at 25 °C, but produced a transitional micromorphology. P. brasiliensis strains grew as cream-colored cerebriform colonies at 25 °C showing a transitional morphology. B. dermatitidis and P. brasiliensis strains did not turn into yeast-like cells in vivo. The present results demonstrate that B. dermatitidis and P. brasiliensis strains were unable to complete the dimorphic process even after in vivo passage, in contrast to the S. schenckii strain.Key words: pathogenic fungi, in vitro storage, in vivo passage, morphogenesis.

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